Risk assessment of dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters in infant formula powders in Shanghai
BackgroundChloropropanol esters (MCPDE) have attracted much attention in recent years as a kind of new contaminant found in various refined oils. The pollution of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) is the most prominent. 3-MCPDE is hydrolyzed in organisms to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol w...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Editorial Committee of Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine
2023-06-01
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| Series: | 环境与职业医学 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.jeom.org/article/cn/10.11836/JEOM22373 |
| _version_ | 1797789277220765696 |
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| author | Luxin QIN Baozhang LUO Hua CAI Jingjin YANG Danping QIU Hong LIU Chunfeng WU |
| author_facet | Luxin QIN Baozhang LUO Hua CAI Jingjin YANG Danping QIU Hong LIU Chunfeng WU |
| author_sort | Luxin QIN |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundChloropropanol esters (MCPDE) have attracted much attention in recent years as a kind of new contaminant found in various refined oils. The pollution of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) is the most prominent. 3-MCPDE is hydrolyzed in organisms to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol which has been shown to have reproductive toxicity, nephrotoxicity, and potential carcinogenicity. Infant formula powders can be polluted by 3-MCPDE when refined edible oils are added during production.ObjectiveTo assess the risk of exposure to 3-MCPDE related to the consumption of infant formula powders for children aged 0-3 years in Shanghai market using the food consumption data and the data of 3-MCPDE contamination in these foods.MethodsGas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine 3-MCPDE in 133 samples of infant formula powders in Shanghai. Using a multistage stratified random sampling method, a total of 807 infants and toddlers aged 0-3 years were randomly selected from each district/rural/town in Shanghai, including 208 children aged 0-6 months, 276 children aged 6-12 months, and 323 children aged 12-36 months. The food consumption data was investigated using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) distributed by combining telephone inquiries and face-to-face interviews among guardians. Population's probability distributions of 3-MCPDE exposure were assessed by @Risk 7.5 software and Monte Carlo simulation algorithm. According to the dietary intake assessment model and the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 3-MCPDE of 2.00 μg·(kg·d)−1 proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (ESFA), a risk assessment of exposure to 3-MCPDE was conducted for infants and toddlers aged 0 to 3 years old in Shanghai who consumed 3-MCPDE via infant formula powders.ResultsThe average concentration of 3-MCPDE in 133 samples of infant formula powders was 0.115 mg·kg−1 with a positive rate of 100.00%. Among different types of formula powders, infant formula powders for infants of 0-6 months had the highest concentrations of 3-MCPDE and fat [0.136 mg·kg−1 and 25.2 g (per 100 g sample) in average respectively]. There was a positive correlation between fat concentration and 3-MCPDE concentration in the samples (r=0.438, P<0.05). The average consumption of infant formula powders of 807 infants aged 0-3 years was 88.3 g·d−1. Among all investigated age groups, the average consumption of infant formula powders by infants aged 0-6, 6-12, and 12-36 months was 87.7, 98.3, and 80.1 g·d−1 respectively. The dietary exposure to 3-MCPDE from infant formula powders of infants aged 0-3 years averaged 0.83 μg·(kg·d)−1 for general intake level or valued 1.44 μg·(kg·d)−1 using the 95 percentile for high intake level. Exposure decreased with increasing age and was highest in infants 0-6 months of age, whose general and high intake levels were 1.41 and 2.34 μg·(kg·d)−1, respectively. The risk population defined with the exposure higher than the TDI proposed by EFSA were proportioned to be 13.90% and 0.50% in infants aged 0-6 months and 6-12 months respectively, indicating a risk that cannot be ignored, and no risk in infants aged 12-36 months.ConclusionAmong the investigated infants aged 0-3 years in Shanghai, those aged 0-6 months are at a high risk of exposure to 3-MCPDE. In view of the sensitivity of infants to pollutant exposure, the risk of exposure to 3-MCPDE should be highly concerned. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T01:48:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-449b6b16df364f5186585bcd518847e8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2095-9982 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T01:48:20Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | Editorial Committee of Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine |
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| series | 环境与职业医学 |
| spelling | doaj.art-449b6b16df364f5186585bcd518847e82023-07-03T02:07:29ZengEditorial Committee of Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine环境与职业医学2095-99822023-06-0140670070410.11836/JEOM2237322373Risk assessment of dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters in infant formula powders in ShanghaiLuxin QIN0Baozhang LUO1Hua CAI2Jingjin YANG3Danping QIU4Hong LIU5Chunfeng WU6Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, ChinaShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, ChinaShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, ChinaShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, ChinaShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, ChinaShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, ChinaShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, ChinaBackgroundChloropropanol esters (MCPDE) have attracted much attention in recent years as a kind of new contaminant found in various refined oils. The pollution of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) is the most prominent. 3-MCPDE is hydrolyzed in organisms to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol which has been shown to have reproductive toxicity, nephrotoxicity, and potential carcinogenicity. Infant formula powders can be polluted by 3-MCPDE when refined edible oils are added during production.ObjectiveTo assess the risk of exposure to 3-MCPDE related to the consumption of infant formula powders for children aged 0-3 years in Shanghai market using the food consumption data and the data of 3-MCPDE contamination in these foods.MethodsGas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine 3-MCPDE in 133 samples of infant formula powders in Shanghai. Using a multistage stratified random sampling method, a total of 807 infants and toddlers aged 0-3 years were randomly selected from each district/rural/town in Shanghai, including 208 children aged 0-6 months, 276 children aged 6-12 months, and 323 children aged 12-36 months. The food consumption data was investigated using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) distributed by combining telephone inquiries and face-to-face interviews among guardians. Population's probability distributions of 3-MCPDE exposure were assessed by @Risk 7.5 software and Monte Carlo simulation algorithm. According to the dietary intake assessment model and the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 3-MCPDE of 2.00 μg·(kg·d)−1 proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (ESFA), a risk assessment of exposure to 3-MCPDE was conducted for infants and toddlers aged 0 to 3 years old in Shanghai who consumed 3-MCPDE via infant formula powders.ResultsThe average concentration of 3-MCPDE in 133 samples of infant formula powders was 0.115 mg·kg−1 with a positive rate of 100.00%. Among different types of formula powders, infant formula powders for infants of 0-6 months had the highest concentrations of 3-MCPDE and fat [0.136 mg·kg−1 and 25.2 g (per 100 g sample) in average respectively]. There was a positive correlation between fat concentration and 3-MCPDE concentration in the samples (r=0.438, P<0.05). The average consumption of infant formula powders of 807 infants aged 0-3 years was 88.3 g·d−1. Among all investigated age groups, the average consumption of infant formula powders by infants aged 0-6, 6-12, and 12-36 months was 87.7, 98.3, and 80.1 g·d−1 respectively. The dietary exposure to 3-MCPDE from infant formula powders of infants aged 0-3 years averaged 0.83 μg·(kg·d)−1 for general intake level or valued 1.44 μg·(kg·d)−1 using the 95 percentile for high intake level. Exposure decreased with increasing age and was highest in infants 0-6 months of age, whose general and high intake levels were 1.41 and 2.34 μg·(kg·d)−1, respectively. The risk population defined with the exposure higher than the TDI proposed by EFSA were proportioned to be 13.90% and 0.50% in infants aged 0-6 months and 6-12 months respectively, indicating a risk that cannot be ignored, and no risk in infants aged 12-36 months.ConclusionAmong the investigated infants aged 0-3 years in Shanghai, those aged 0-6 months are at a high risk of exposure to 3-MCPDE. In view of the sensitivity of infants to pollutant exposure, the risk of exposure to 3-MCPDE should be highly concerned.http://www.jeom.org/article/cn/10.11836/JEOM22373infant formula powder3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esterspopulation exposurerisk assessment |
| spellingShingle | Luxin QIN Baozhang LUO Hua CAI Jingjin YANG Danping QIU Hong LIU Chunfeng WU Risk assessment of dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters in infant formula powders in Shanghai 环境与职业医学 infant formula powder 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters population exposure risk assessment |
| title | Risk assessment of dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters in infant formula powders in Shanghai |
| title_full | Risk assessment of dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters in infant formula powders in Shanghai |
| title_fullStr | Risk assessment of dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters in infant formula powders in Shanghai |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk assessment of dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters in infant formula powders in Shanghai |
| title_short | Risk assessment of dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters in infant formula powders in Shanghai |
| title_sort | risk assessment of dietary exposure to 3 monochloropropane 1 2 diol esters in infant formula powders in shanghai |
| topic | infant formula powder 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters population exposure risk assessment |
| url | http://www.jeom.org/article/cn/10.11836/JEOM22373 |
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