Mitigation of Lightning-Induced Transient Effects on a Hybrid Photovoltaic–Wind System Based on Lightning Protection Standards
Installing surge protection devices in a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)–wind system is essential to guarantee the survival of the system’s components. If the surge arresters are connected without taking into account the recommendations given by standards, the equipment to be protected might be damaged des...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Machines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/11/7/707 |
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| author | Zmnako Mohammed Khurshid Abda Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir Hashim Hizam Chandima Gomes |
| author_facet | Zmnako Mohammed Khurshid Abda Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir Hashim Hizam Chandima Gomes |
| author_sort | Zmnako Mohammed Khurshid Abda |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Installing surge protection devices in a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)–wind system is essential to guarantee the survival of the system’s components. If the surge arresters are connected without taking into account the recommendations given by standards, the equipment to be protected might be damaged despite the energy coordination of the arresters. In this study, nonlinear surge protective devices (SPDs) are designed for a multi-MW hybrid system based on lightning protection standards with optimised threat level ratings to investigate the mitigation of lightning transients to an acceptable level. The system is implemented using Power System Computer-Aided Design for Electromagnetic Transients including Direct Current (PSCAD/EMTDC) software. It comprises a 2 MW PV farm, a 2 MW wind farm, and a backup energy storage system (ESS), which are all connected to a 132 kV grid via a step-up transformer and a transmission line. The results were obtained at critical system nodes for two standard lightning current surges, i.e., 1/10 µs and 10/350 µs, considering two lightning strike point scenarios with and without a lightning protection system (LPS). The simulation results showed that the connected SPDs could successfully limit the transient overvoltage in the system to an acceptable level. The analysis in this work is crucial for designing, operating, and maintaining a hybrid PV–wind system. It can help to find the potential vulnerability areas within such a system and implement appropriate protection measures since there is no available lightning standard for such systems. Additionally, it assists the system operators in increasing the uptime and dependability of their RE systems, limiting expensive downtime and environmental effects while optimising energy output. Based on the results obtained, recommendations were made for lightning protection developers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:53:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-44aa7b50eebd4a4fa6c79b1e1a69baf4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1702 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:53:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Machines |
| spelling | doaj.art-44aa7b50eebd4a4fa6c79b1e1a69baf42023-11-18T20:12:24ZengMDPI AGMachines2075-17022023-07-0111770710.3390/machines11070707Mitigation of Lightning-Induced Transient Effects on a Hybrid Photovoltaic–Wind System Based on Lightning Protection StandardsZmnako Mohammed Khurshid Abda0Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir1Hashim Hizam2Chandima Gomes3Advanced Lightning, Power and Energy Research Centre (ALPER), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaAdvanced Lightning, Power and Energy Research Centre (ALPER), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaAdvanced Lightning, Power and Energy Research Centre (ALPER), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaSchool of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2050, South AfricaInstalling surge protection devices in a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)–wind system is essential to guarantee the survival of the system’s components. If the surge arresters are connected without taking into account the recommendations given by standards, the equipment to be protected might be damaged despite the energy coordination of the arresters. In this study, nonlinear surge protective devices (SPDs) are designed for a multi-MW hybrid system based on lightning protection standards with optimised threat level ratings to investigate the mitigation of lightning transients to an acceptable level. The system is implemented using Power System Computer-Aided Design for Electromagnetic Transients including Direct Current (PSCAD/EMTDC) software. It comprises a 2 MW PV farm, a 2 MW wind farm, and a backup energy storage system (ESS), which are all connected to a 132 kV grid via a step-up transformer and a transmission line. The results were obtained at critical system nodes for two standard lightning current surges, i.e., 1/10 µs and 10/350 µs, considering two lightning strike point scenarios with and without a lightning protection system (LPS). The simulation results showed that the connected SPDs could successfully limit the transient overvoltage in the system to an acceptable level. The analysis in this work is crucial for designing, operating, and maintaining a hybrid PV–wind system. It can help to find the potential vulnerability areas within such a system and implement appropriate protection measures since there is no available lightning standard for such systems. Additionally, it assists the system operators in increasing the uptime and dependability of their RE systems, limiting expensive downtime and environmental effects while optimising energy output. Based on the results obtained, recommendations were made for lightning protection developers.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/11/7/707hybrid systemlightning protectionlightning transients |
| spellingShingle | Zmnako Mohammed Khurshid Abda Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir Hashim Hizam Chandima Gomes Mitigation of Lightning-Induced Transient Effects on a Hybrid Photovoltaic–Wind System Based on Lightning Protection Standards Machines hybrid system lightning protection lightning transients |
| title | Mitigation of Lightning-Induced Transient Effects on a Hybrid Photovoltaic–Wind System Based on Lightning Protection Standards |
| title_full | Mitigation of Lightning-Induced Transient Effects on a Hybrid Photovoltaic–Wind System Based on Lightning Protection Standards |
| title_fullStr | Mitigation of Lightning-Induced Transient Effects on a Hybrid Photovoltaic–Wind System Based on Lightning Protection Standards |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mitigation of Lightning-Induced Transient Effects on a Hybrid Photovoltaic–Wind System Based on Lightning Protection Standards |
| title_short | Mitigation of Lightning-Induced Transient Effects on a Hybrid Photovoltaic–Wind System Based on Lightning Protection Standards |
| title_sort | mitigation of lightning induced transient effects on a hybrid photovoltaic wind system based on lightning protection standards |
| topic | hybrid system lightning protection lightning transients |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/11/7/707 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zmnakomohammedkhurshidabda mitigationoflightninginducedtransienteffectsonahybridphotovoltaicwindsystembasedonlightningprotectionstandards AT mohdzainalabidinabkadir mitigationoflightninginducedtransienteffectsonahybridphotovoltaicwindsystembasedonlightningprotectionstandards AT hashimhizam mitigationoflightninginducedtransienteffectsonahybridphotovoltaicwindsystembasedonlightningprotectionstandards AT chandimagomes mitigationoflightninginducedtransienteffectsonahybridphotovoltaicwindsystembasedonlightningprotectionstandards |