Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a frequently used antibiotic for the treatment of urinary tract, respiratory, and intestinal infections and as a supplement in livestock or fishery farming to boost production. The release of SMX into the environment can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance amon...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/11/313 |
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| author | Subhash Chandra Pravin Jagdale Isha Medha Ashwani Kumar Tiwari Mattia Bartoli Antonio De Nino Fabrizio Olivito |
| author_facet | Subhash Chandra Pravin Jagdale Isha Medha Ashwani Kumar Tiwari Mattia Bartoli Antonio De Nino Fabrizio Olivito |
| author_sort | Subhash Chandra |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a frequently used antibiotic for the treatment of urinary tract, respiratory, and intestinal infections and as a supplement in livestock or fishery farming to boost production. The release of SMX into the environment can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance among the microbial community, which can lead to frequent clinical infections. SMX removal from water is usually done through advanced treatment processes, such as adsorption, photocatalytic oxidation, and biodegradation. Among them, the advanced oxidation process using TiO<sub>2</sub> and its composites is being widely used. TiO<sub>2</sub> is a widely used photocatalyst; however, it has certain limitations, such as low visible light response and quick recombination of e<sup>−</sup>/h<sup>+</sup> pairs. Integrating the biochar with TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles can overcome such limitations. The biochar-supported TiO<sub>2</sub> composites showed a significant increase in the photocatalytic activities in the UV-visible range, which resulted in a substantial increase in the degradation of SMX in water. The present review has critically reviewed the methods of biochar TiO<sub>2</sub> composite synthesis, the effect of biochar integration with the TiO<sub>2</sub> on its physicochemical properties, and the chemical pathways through which the biochar/TiO<sub>2</sub> composite degrades the SMX in water or aqueous solution. The degradation of SMX using photocatalysis can be considered a useful model, and the research studies presented in this review will allow extending this area of research on other types of similar pharmaceuticals or pollutants in general in the future. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:01:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-44cd13f097184cb4bdb9200e8ee1c1c1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:01:02Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-44cd13f097184cb4bdb9200e8ee1c1c12023-11-23T01:48:12ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042021-11-0191131310.3390/toxics9110313Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A ReviewSubhash Chandra0Pravin Jagdale1Isha Medha2Ashwani Kumar Tiwari3Mattia Bartoli4Antonio De Nino5Fabrizio Olivito6Department of Civil Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology (A), Duvvada, Visakhapatnam 530049, IndiaCenter for Sustainable Future Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, ItalyDepartment of Civil Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology (A), Duvvada, Visakhapatnam 530049, IndiaSchool of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, IndiaCenter for Sustainable Future Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, ItalySulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a frequently used antibiotic for the treatment of urinary tract, respiratory, and intestinal infections and as a supplement in livestock or fishery farming to boost production. The release of SMX into the environment can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance among the microbial community, which can lead to frequent clinical infections. SMX removal from water is usually done through advanced treatment processes, such as adsorption, photocatalytic oxidation, and biodegradation. Among them, the advanced oxidation process using TiO<sub>2</sub> and its composites is being widely used. TiO<sub>2</sub> is a widely used photocatalyst; however, it has certain limitations, such as low visible light response and quick recombination of e<sup>−</sup>/h<sup>+</sup> pairs. Integrating the biochar with TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles can overcome such limitations. The biochar-supported TiO<sub>2</sub> composites showed a significant increase in the photocatalytic activities in the UV-visible range, which resulted in a substantial increase in the degradation of SMX in water. The present review has critically reviewed the methods of biochar TiO<sub>2</sub> composite synthesis, the effect of biochar integration with the TiO<sub>2</sub> on its physicochemical properties, and the chemical pathways through which the biochar/TiO<sub>2</sub> composite degrades the SMX in water or aqueous solution. The degradation of SMX using photocatalysis can be considered a useful model, and the research studies presented in this review will allow extending this area of research on other types of similar pharmaceuticals or pollutants in general in the future.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/11/313sulfamethoxazolephotocatalysisbiochartitanium oxide and antibiotic |
| spellingShingle | Subhash Chandra Pravin Jagdale Isha Medha Ashwani Kumar Tiwari Mattia Bartoli Antonio De Nino Fabrizio Olivito Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review Toxics sulfamethoxazole photocatalysis biochar titanium oxide and antibiotic |
| title | Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review |
| title_full | Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review |
| title_fullStr | Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review |
| title_short | Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review |
| title_sort | biochar supported tio sub 2 sub based nanocomposites for the photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole in water a review |
| topic | sulfamethoxazole photocatalysis biochar titanium oxide and antibiotic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/11/313 |
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