Mealworm Ethanol Extract Enhances Myogenic Differentiation and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Cells
Aging, and other disease-related muscle disorders are serious health problems. Dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, can trigger skeletal muscle atrophy. This study examined the effects of mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i> larva) ethanol extract (TME) on C2C12 myoblast differe...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| author | Ra-Yeong Choi Bong Sun Kim Eu-Jin Ban Minchul Seo Joon Ha Lee In-Woo Kim |
| author_facet | Ra-Yeong Choi Bong Sun Kim Eu-Jin Ban Minchul Seo Joon Ha Lee In-Woo Kim |
| author_sort | Ra-Yeong Choi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aging, and other disease-related muscle disorders are serious health problems. Dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, can trigger skeletal muscle atrophy. This study examined the effects of mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i> larva) ethanol extract (TME) on C2C12 myoblast differentiation and DEX-induced myotube atrophy. TME induced myotube formation compared to the differentiation medium (DM) group. TME also significantly increased the mRNA expression of muscle creatine kinase (<i>CKm</i>) and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), such as myogenin (<i>MyoG</i>), myogenic factor (<i>Myf</i>)5, and MRF4 (<i>Myf6</i>). TME dramatically increased the muscle-specific protein, MyoG, compared to the control, whereas the expression of myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD) remained unchanged. It also activated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. In the DEX-induced muscle atrophy C2C12 model, TME reduced the gene expression of <i>atrogin-1</i>, muscle RING finger protein-1 (<i>MuRF-1</i>), and <i>myostatin</i>, which are involved in protein degradation in skeletal muscles. Furthermore, TME elevated the phosphorylation of forkhead box O3 (FoxO3α) and protein kinase B (Akt). These findings suggest that TME can enhance myotube hypertrophy by regulating the mTOR signaling pathway, and can rescue DEX-induced muscle atrophy by alleviating atrophic muscle markers mediated by Akt activation. Thus, TME can be a potential therapeutic agent for treating muscle weakness and atrophy. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-456f55b1a26e4b46bb5eeae73716c0222023-11-30T23:07:24ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292022-12-011315810.3390/life13010058Mealworm Ethanol Extract Enhances Myogenic Differentiation and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 CellsRa-Yeong Choi0Bong Sun Kim1Eu-Jin Ban2Minchul Seo3Joon Ha Lee4In-Woo Kim5Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of KoreaAging, and other disease-related muscle disorders are serious health problems. Dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, can trigger skeletal muscle atrophy. This study examined the effects of mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i> larva) ethanol extract (TME) on C2C12 myoblast differentiation and DEX-induced myotube atrophy. TME induced myotube formation compared to the differentiation medium (DM) group. TME also significantly increased the mRNA expression of muscle creatine kinase (<i>CKm</i>) and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), such as myogenin (<i>MyoG</i>), myogenic factor (<i>Myf</i>)5, and MRF4 (<i>Myf6</i>). TME dramatically increased the muscle-specific protein, MyoG, compared to the control, whereas the expression of myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD) remained unchanged. It also activated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. In the DEX-induced muscle atrophy C2C12 model, TME reduced the gene expression of <i>atrogin-1</i>, muscle RING finger protein-1 (<i>MuRF-1</i>), and <i>myostatin</i>, which are involved in protein degradation in skeletal muscles. Furthermore, TME elevated the phosphorylation of forkhead box O3 (FoxO3α) and protein kinase B (Akt). These findings suggest that TME can enhance myotube hypertrophy by regulating the mTOR signaling pathway, and can rescue DEX-induced muscle atrophy by alleviating atrophic muscle markers mediated by Akt activation. Thus, TME can be a potential therapeutic agent for treating muscle weakness and atrophy.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/1/58C2C12 cellsdexamethasonemuscle atrophymyoblast differentiationsarcopenia<i>Tenebrio molitor</i> larvae |
| spellingShingle | Ra-Yeong Choi Bong Sun Kim Eu-Jin Ban Minchul Seo Joon Ha Lee In-Woo Kim Mealworm Ethanol Extract Enhances Myogenic Differentiation and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Cells Life C2C12 cells dexamethasone muscle atrophy myoblast differentiation sarcopenia <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> larvae |
| title | Mealworm Ethanol Extract Enhances Myogenic Differentiation and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Cells |
| title_full | Mealworm Ethanol Extract Enhances Myogenic Differentiation and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Cells |
| title_fullStr | Mealworm Ethanol Extract Enhances Myogenic Differentiation and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mealworm Ethanol Extract Enhances Myogenic Differentiation and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Cells |
| title_short | Mealworm Ethanol Extract Enhances Myogenic Differentiation and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Cells |
| title_sort | mealworm ethanol extract enhances myogenic differentiation and alleviates dexamethasone induced muscle atrophy in c2c12 cells |
| topic | C2C12 cells dexamethasone muscle atrophy myoblast differentiation sarcopenia <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> larvae |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/1/58 |
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