Earth-affecting solar transients: a review of progresses in solar cycle 24
Abstract This review article summarizes the advancement in the studies of Earth-affecting solar transients in the last decade that encompasses most of solar cycle 24. It is a part of the effort of the International Study of Earth-affecting Solar Transients (ISEST) project, sponsored by the SCOSTEP/V...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-021-00426-7 |
| _version_ | 1818719053678641152 |
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| author | Jie Zhang Manuela Temmer Nat Gopalswamy Olga Malandraki Nariaki V. Nitta Spiros Patsourakos Fang Shen Bojan Vršnak Yuming Wang David Webb Mihir I. Desai Karin Dissauer Nina Dresing Mateja Dumbović Xueshang Feng Stephan G. Heinemann Monica Laurenza Noé Lugaz Bin Zhuang |
| author_facet | Jie Zhang Manuela Temmer Nat Gopalswamy Olga Malandraki Nariaki V. Nitta Spiros Patsourakos Fang Shen Bojan Vršnak Yuming Wang David Webb Mihir I. Desai Karin Dissauer Nina Dresing Mateja Dumbović Xueshang Feng Stephan G. Heinemann Monica Laurenza Noé Lugaz Bin Zhuang |
| author_sort | Jie Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This review article summarizes the advancement in the studies of Earth-affecting solar transients in the last decade that encompasses most of solar cycle 24. It is a part of the effort of the International Study of Earth-affecting Solar Transients (ISEST) project, sponsored by the SCOSTEP/VarSITI program (2014–2018). The Sun-Earth is an integrated physical system in which the space environment of the Earth sustains continuous influence from mass, magnetic field, and radiation energy output of the Sun in varying timescales from minutes to millennium. This article addresses short timescale events, from minutes to days that directly cause transient disturbances in the Earth’s space environment and generate intense adverse effects on advanced technological systems of human society. Such transient events largely fall into the following four types: (1) solar flares, (2) coronal mass ejections (CMEs) including their interplanetary counterparts ICMEs, (3) solar energetic particle (SEP) events, and (4) stream interaction regions (SIRs) including corotating interaction regions (CIRs). In the last decade, the unprecedented multi-viewpoint observations of the Sun from space, enabled by STEREO Ahead/Behind spacecraft in combination with a suite of observatories along the Sun-Earth lines, have provided much more accurate and global measurements of the size, speed, propagation direction, and morphology of CMEs in both 3D and over a large volume in the heliosphere. Many CMEs, fast ones, in particular, can be clearly characterized as a two-front (shock front plus ejecta front) and three-part (bright ejecta front, dark cavity, and bright core) structure. Drag-based kinematic models of CMEs are developed to interpret CME propagation in the heliosphere and are applied to predict their arrival times at 1 AU in an efficient manner. Several advanced MHD models have been developed to simulate realistic CME events from the initiation on the Sun until their arrival at 1 AU. Much progress has been made on detailed kinematic and dynamic behaviors of CMEs, including non-radial motion, rotation and deformation of CMEs, CME-CME interaction, and stealth CMEs and problematic ICMEs. The knowledge about SEPs has also been significantly improved. An outlook of how to address critical issues related to Earth-affecting solar transients concludes this article. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T20:00:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-45716f384e514ff9be458913daecc581 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2197-4284 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T20:00:50Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-45716f384e514ff9be458913daecc5812022-12-21T21:34:28ZengSpringerOpenProgress in Earth and Planetary Science2197-42842021-10-0181110210.1186/s40645-021-00426-7Earth-affecting solar transients: a review of progresses in solar cycle 24Jie Zhang0Manuela Temmer1Nat Gopalswamy2Olga Malandraki3Nariaki V. Nitta4Spiros Patsourakos5Fang Shen6Bojan Vršnak7Yuming Wang8David Webb9Mihir I. Desai10Karin Dissauer11Nina Dresing12Mateja Dumbović13Xueshang Feng14Stephan G. Heinemann15Monica Laurenza16Noé Lugaz17Bin Zhuang18Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason UniversityInstitute of Physics, University of GrazGoddard Space Flight CenterNational Observatory of Athens, Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote SensingLockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics LaboratoryDepartment of Physics, University of IoanninaSIGMA Weather Group, State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesHvar Observatory, Faculty of Geodesy, University of ZagrebCAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaISR, Boston CollegeSouthwest Research InstituteInstitute of Physics, University of GrazInstitut fuer Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, University of KielHvar Observatory, Faculty of Geodesy, University of ZagrebSIGMA Weather Group, State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Physics, University of GrazINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia SpazialiSpace Science Center and Department of Physics, University of New HampshireSpace Science Center and Department of Physics, University of New HampshireAbstract This review article summarizes the advancement in the studies of Earth-affecting solar transients in the last decade that encompasses most of solar cycle 24. It is a part of the effort of the International Study of Earth-affecting Solar Transients (ISEST) project, sponsored by the SCOSTEP/VarSITI program (2014–2018). The Sun-Earth is an integrated physical system in which the space environment of the Earth sustains continuous influence from mass, magnetic field, and radiation energy output of the Sun in varying timescales from minutes to millennium. This article addresses short timescale events, from minutes to days that directly cause transient disturbances in the Earth’s space environment and generate intense adverse effects on advanced technological systems of human society. Such transient events largely fall into the following four types: (1) solar flares, (2) coronal mass ejections (CMEs) including their interplanetary counterparts ICMEs, (3) solar energetic particle (SEP) events, and (4) stream interaction regions (SIRs) including corotating interaction regions (CIRs). In the last decade, the unprecedented multi-viewpoint observations of the Sun from space, enabled by STEREO Ahead/Behind spacecraft in combination with a suite of observatories along the Sun-Earth lines, have provided much more accurate and global measurements of the size, speed, propagation direction, and morphology of CMEs in both 3D and over a large volume in the heliosphere. Many CMEs, fast ones, in particular, can be clearly characterized as a two-front (shock front plus ejecta front) and three-part (bright ejecta front, dark cavity, and bright core) structure. Drag-based kinematic models of CMEs are developed to interpret CME propagation in the heliosphere and are applied to predict their arrival times at 1 AU in an efficient manner. Several advanced MHD models have been developed to simulate realistic CME events from the initiation on the Sun until their arrival at 1 AU. Much progress has been made on detailed kinematic and dynamic behaviors of CMEs, including non-radial motion, rotation and deformation of CMEs, CME-CME interaction, and stealth CMEs and problematic ICMEs. The knowledge about SEPs has also been significantly improved. An outlook of how to address critical issues related to Earth-affecting solar transients concludes this article.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-021-00426-7Coronal mass ejectionInterplanetary coronal mass ejectionSolar energetic particleCorotating interaction regionFlareCorona |
| spellingShingle | Jie Zhang Manuela Temmer Nat Gopalswamy Olga Malandraki Nariaki V. Nitta Spiros Patsourakos Fang Shen Bojan Vršnak Yuming Wang David Webb Mihir I. Desai Karin Dissauer Nina Dresing Mateja Dumbović Xueshang Feng Stephan G. Heinemann Monica Laurenza Noé Lugaz Bin Zhuang Earth-affecting solar transients: a review of progresses in solar cycle 24 Progress in Earth and Planetary Science Coronal mass ejection Interplanetary coronal mass ejection Solar energetic particle Corotating interaction region Flare Corona |
| title | Earth-affecting solar transients: a review of progresses in solar cycle 24 |
| title_full | Earth-affecting solar transients: a review of progresses in solar cycle 24 |
| title_fullStr | Earth-affecting solar transients: a review of progresses in solar cycle 24 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Earth-affecting solar transients: a review of progresses in solar cycle 24 |
| title_short | Earth-affecting solar transients: a review of progresses in solar cycle 24 |
| title_sort | earth affecting solar transients a review of progresses in solar cycle 24 |
| topic | Coronal mass ejection Interplanetary coronal mass ejection Solar energetic particle Corotating interaction region Flare Corona |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-021-00426-7 |
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