Use of Virtual Reality Working Memory Task and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Brain Hemodynamic Responses to Methylphenidate in ADHD Children
Virtual reality (VR) neuropsychological tests have emerged as a method to explore drug effects in real-life contexts in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a useful tool to measure brain activity during VR tasks in ADHD children...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.564618/full |
| _version_ | 1831741428582055936 |
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| author | Sooah Jang JongKwan Choi Jooyoung Oh Jooyoung Oh Jungyeon Yeom Narae Hong Narae Lee Joon Hee Kwon Jieun Hong Jae-jin Kim Jae-jin Kim Eunjoo Kim Eunjoo Kim |
| author_facet | Sooah Jang JongKwan Choi Jooyoung Oh Jooyoung Oh Jungyeon Yeom Narae Hong Narae Lee Joon Hee Kwon Jieun Hong Jae-jin Kim Jae-jin Kim Eunjoo Kim Eunjoo Kim |
| author_sort | Sooah Jang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Virtual reality (VR) neuropsychological tests have emerged as a method to explore drug effects in real-life contexts in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a useful tool to measure brain activity during VR tasks in ADHD children with motor restlessness. The present study aimed to explore the acute effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on behavioral performance and brain activity during a VR-based working memory task simulating real-life classroom settings in ADHD children. In total, 23 children with ADHD performed a VR n-back task before and 2 h after MPH administration concurrent with measurements of oxygenated hemoglobin signal changes with fNIRS. Altogether, 12 healthy control (HC) subjects participated in the same task but did not receive MPH treatment. Reaction time (RT) was shortened after MPH treatment in the 1-back condition, but changes in brain activation were not observed. In the 2-back condition, activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was decreased alongside behavioral changes such as shorter RT, lower RT variability, and higher accuracy after MPH administration. Bilateral mPFC activation in the 2-back condition inversely correlated with task accuracy in the pre-MPH condition; this inverse correlation was not observed after MPH administration. In ADHD children, deactivation of the default mode network mediated by mPFC reduced during high working memory load, which was restored through MPH treatment. Our results suggest that the combination of VR classroom tasks and fNIRS examination makes it easy to assess drug effects on brain activity in ADHD children in settings simulating real-life. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T14:16:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-457a3ca6eb644de7aac334f549e2095d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-0640 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T14:16:37Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj.art-457a3ca6eb644de7aac334f549e2095d2022-12-21T19:00:54ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402021-01-011110.3389/fpsyt.2020.564618564618Use of Virtual Reality Working Memory Task and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Brain Hemodynamic Responses to Methylphenidate in ADHD ChildrenSooah Jang0JongKwan Choi1Jooyoung Oh2Jooyoung Oh3Jungyeon Yeom4Narae Hong5Narae Lee6Joon Hee Kwon7Jieun Hong8Jae-jin Kim9Jae-jin Kim10Eunjoo Kim11Eunjoo Kim12Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaOBELAB Inc, Seoul, South KoreaInstitute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Gangman Severance Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaInstitute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaCollege of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South KoreaInstitute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Psychiatry, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South KoreaInstitute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Gangman Severance Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaInstitute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Gangman Severance Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaVirtual reality (VR) neuropsychological tests have emerged as a method to explore drug effects in real-life contexts in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a useful tool to measure brain activity during VR tasks in ADHD children with motor restlessness. The present study aimed to explore the acute effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on behavioral performance and brain activity during a VR-based working memory task simulating real-life classroom settings in ADHD children. In total, 23 children with ADHD performed a VR n-back task before and 2 h after MPH administration concurrent with measurements of oxygenated hemoglobin signal changes with fNIRS. Altogether, 12 healthy control (HC) subjects participated in the same task but did not receive MPH treatment. Reaction time (RT) was shortened after MPH treatment in the 1-back condition, but changes in brain activation were not observed. In the 2-back condition, activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was decreased alongside behavioral changes such as shorter RT, lower RT variability, and higher accuracy after MPH administration. Bilateral mPFC activation in the 2-back condition inversely correlated with task accuracy in the pre-MPH condition; this inverse correlation was not observed after MPH administration. In ADHD children, deactivation of the default mode network mediated by mPFC reduced during high working memory load, which was restored through MPH treatment. Our results suggest that the combination of VR classroom tasks and fNIRS examination makes it easy to assess drug effects on brain activity in ADHD children in settings simulating real-life.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.564618/fullvirtual realityfNIRSADHDworking memoryn-backMethylphenidate |
| spellingShingle | Sooah Jang JongKwan Choi Jooyoung Oh Jooyoung Oh Jungyeon Yeom Narae Hong Narae Lee Joon Hee Kwon Jieun Hong Jae-jin Kim Jae-jin Kim Eunjoo Kim Eunjoo Kim Use of Virtual Reality Working Memory Task and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Brain Hemodynamic Responses to Methylphenidate in ADHD Children Frontiers in Psychiatry virtual reality fNIRS ADHD working memory n-back Methylphenidate |
| title | Use of Virtual Reality Working Memory Task and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Brain Hemodynamic Responses to Methylphenidate in ADHD Children |
| title_full | Use of Virtual Reality Working Memory Task and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Brain Hemodynamic Responses to Methylphenidate in ADHD Children |
| title_fullStr | Use of Virtual Reality Working Memory Task and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Brain Hemodynamic Responses to Methylphenidate in ADHD Children |
| title_full_unstemmed | Use of Virtual Reality Working Memory Task and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Brain Hemodynamic Responses to Methylphenidate in ADHD Children |
| title_short | Use of Virtual Reality Working Memory Task and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Brain Hemodynamic Responses to Methylphenidate in ADHD Children |
| title_sort | use of virtual reality working memory task and functional near infrared spectroscopy to assess brain hemodynamic responses to methylphenidate in adhd children |
| topic | virtual reality fNIRS ADHD working memory n-back Methylphenidate |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.564618/full |
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