Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation
<i>Background and objectives:</i> Obesity is associated with poor vascular function and may lead to future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity is also related to increased inflammation and a low testosterone level. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between inflamma...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-09-01
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| Series: | Medicina |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/55/9/575 |
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| author | Amilia Aminuddin Norizam Salamt Ahmad Faiz Ahmad Fuad Kok-Yong Chin Azizah Ugusman Ima Nirwana Soelaiman Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah |
| author_facet | Amilia Aminuddin Norizam Salamt Ahmad Faiz Ahmad Fuad Kok-Yong Chin Azizah Ugusman Ima Nirwana Soelaiman Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah |
| author_sort | Amilia Aminuddin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Background and objectives:</i> Obesity is associated with poor vascular function and may lead to future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity is also related to increased inflammation and a low testosterone level. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between inflammation, testosterone level, and vascular function among subjects with an increased body mass index (BMI) and to determine whether both low testosterone and high inflammation have synergistic effects towards vascular dysfunction. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> A total of 303 men aged 40−80 years were recruited from Klang Valley, Malaysia. Their height, weight, blood pressure (BP), lipid, blood glucose level, total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. The carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV<sub>CF</sub>) and augmentation index (AI) were also recorded as markers of vascular function. <i>Results:</i> The mean age of all the subjects was 54.46 ± 9.77 years. Subjects were divided into a low/normal body mass index (BMI) group (BMI < 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; NG, n = 154) and high BMI group (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; OG, n = 149). The mean BMI for NG was 22.20 ± 1.94 kg/m<sup>2</sup> while for OG was 28.87 ± 3.24 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The level of TT (OG = 21.13 ± 6.44 versus NG = 16.18 ± 6.16 nmol/L, <i>p</i> < 0.01) and FT (OG = 0.34 ± 0.12 versus NG = 0.39 ± 0.11 nmol/L, <i>p</i> < 0.01) were reduced while the level of CRP [OG = 1.05 (2.80) versus NG = 0.50 (1.50) mmol/L, <i>p</i> = 0.01] was increased in OG compared to NG. PWV<sub>CF</sub> (OG = 8.55 ± 1.34 versus NG = 8.52 ± 1.42 m/s, <i>p</i> = 0.02) and AI (OG = 16.91% ± 6.00% versus 15.88% ± 5.58%, <i>p</i> < 0.01) were significantly increased in OG after adjustment for other CVD risk factors. The subjects that had both a low FT and an increased CRP had higher AI when compared to those with a high CRP and high FT (<i>p</i> < 0.01). <i>Conclusions:</i> The increased BMI was associated with vascular dysfunction, mediated by a low testosterone level and increased inflammation. Furthermore, having both conditions concurrently lead to higher vascular dysfunction. Weight loss, testosterone supplementation, and the anti-inflammatory agent may be beneficial for men to prevent vascular dysfunction. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-457a3d2893df4e7f8bfc72d7215b88212023-09-02T16:30:36ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X2019-09-0155957510.3390/medicina55090575medicina55090575Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and InflammationAmilia Aminuddin0Norizam Salamt1Ahmad Faiz Ahmad Fuad2Kok-Yong Chin3Azizah Ugusman4Ima Nirwana Soelaiman5Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah6Department of Physiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Physiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Physiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Physiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Biochemistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia<i>Background and objectives:</i> Obesity is associated with poor vascular function and may lead to future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity is also related to increased inflammation and a low testosterone level. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between inflammation, testosterone level, and vascular function among subjects with an increased body mass index (BMI) and to determine whether both low testosterone and high inflammation have synergistic effects towards vascular dysfunction. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> A total of 303 men aged 40−80 years were recruited from Klang Valley, Malaysia. Their height, weight, blood pressure (BP), lipid, blood glucose level, total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. The carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV<sub>CF</sub>) and augmentation index (AI) were also recorded as markers of vascular function. <i>Results:</i> The mean age of all the subjects was 54.46 ± 9.77 years. Subjects were divided into a low/normal body mass index (BMI) group (BMI < 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; NG, n = 154) and high BMI group (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; OG, n = 149). The mean BMI for NG was 22.20 ± 1.94 kg/m<sup>2</sup> while for OG was 28.87 ± 3.24 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The level of TT (OG = 21.13 ± 6.44 versus NG = 16.18 ± 6.16 nmol/L, <i>p</i> < 0.01) and FT (OG = 0.34 ± 0.12 versus NG = 0.39 ± 0.11 nmol/L, <i>p</i> < 0.01) were reduced while the level of CRP [OG = 1.05 (2.80) versus NG = 0.50 (1.50) mmol/L, <i>p</i> = 0.01] was increased in OG compared to NG. PWV<sub>CF</sub> (OG = 8.55 ± 1.34 versus NG = 8.52 ± 1.42 m/s, <i>p</i> = 0.02) and AI (OG = 16.91% ± 6.00% versus 15.88% ± 5.58%, <i>p</i> < 0.01) were significantly increased in OG after adjustment for other CVD risk factors. The subjects that had both a low FT and an increased CRP had higher AI when compared to those with a high CRP and high FT (<i>p</i> < 0.01). <i>Conclusions:</i> The increased BMI was associated with vascular dysfunction, mediated by a low testosterone level and increased inflammation. Furthermore, having both conditions concurrently lead to higher vascular dysfunction. Weight loss, testosterone supplementation, and the anti-inflammatory agent may be beneficial for men to prevent vascular dysfunction.https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/55/9/575obesitytestosteronepulse wave velocityaugmentation indexinflammation |
| spellingShingle | Amilia Aminuddin Norizam Salamt Ahmad Faiz Ahmad Fuad Kok-Yong Chin Azizah Ugusman Ima Nirwana Soelaiman Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation Medicina obesity testosterone pulse wave velocity augmentation index inflammation |
| title | Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation |
| title_full | Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation |
| title_fullStr | Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation |
| title_short | Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation |
| title_sort | vascular dysfunction among malaysian men with increased bmi an indication of synergistic effect of free testosterone and inflammation |
| topic | obesity testosterone pulse wave velocity augmentation index inflammation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/55/9/575 |
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