Morphological and Physiological Responses of <i>Brassica chinensis</i> on Different Far-Red (FR) Light Treatments Using Internet-of-Things (IoT) Technology
Advanced technology in agriculture has enabled the manipulation of the artificial light spectrum in plant development such as improving yield and plant growth. Light manipulation using light-emitting diodes or LEDs can inhibit, delay, or even promote flowering. Some studies have shown that far-red (...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-07-01
|
| Series: | Agriculture |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/8/728 |
| _version_ | 1797525038467907584 |
|---|---|
| author | Ahmad Nizar Harun Robiah Ahmad Norliza Mohamed Abd Rahman Abdul Rahim Hazilah Mad Kaidi |
| author_facet | Ahmad Nizar Harun Robiah Ahmad Norliza Mohamed Abd Rahman Abdul Rahim Hazilah Mad Kaidi |
| author_sort | Ahmad Nizar Harun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Advanced technology in agriculture has enabled the manipulation of the artificial light spectrum in plant development such as improving yield and plant growth. Light manipulation using light-emitting diodes or LEDs can inhibit, delay, or even promote flowering. Some studies have shown that far-red (FR) light can stop flowering, but studies have not fully explored the best method involving intensity and duration to induce plant growth. This paper presents results on LED light manipulation techniques, particularly FR light, on plant flowering control and plant elongation. The light manipulation technique on the combination of colors, photoperiods, and intensities proved that it can stop flowering, and stimulate and control the growth of plants during cultivation. The system was monitored using an Internet-of-Things (IoT) remote monitoring system, and it performed data mining. The results showed that plants that were grown under artificial sunlight (T5) and normal light (T1) treatments were superior compared to others. The FR light delayed flowering until 50 days of planting and accelerated the plant growth and increased the fresh weight by 126%. The experiment showed that a high variable intensity at 300 µmol m<sup>−1</sup>s<sup>−1</sup> showed a great performance and produced the largest leaf area of 1517.0 cm<sup>2</sup> and the highest fresh weight of 492.92 g. This study provides new insights to the researchers and the farming community on artificial light systems in improving plant factory production efficiency and in determining the best plant cultivation approach to create a stronger indoor farming management plant. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:06:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-45c778673cb84b8c90c95b2e8cf422dd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:06:08Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-45c778673cb84b8c90c95b2e8cf422dd2023-11-22T06:22:49ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722021-07-0111872810.3390/agriculture11080728Morphological and Physiological Responses of <i>Brassica chinensis</i> on Different Far-Red (FR) Light Treatments Using Internet-of-Things (IoT) TechnologyAhmad Nizar Harun0Robiah Ahmad1Norliza Mohamed2Abd Rahman Abdul Rahim3Hazilah Mad Kaidi4MIMOS Berhad, Jalan Inovasi 3, Taman Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaRazak Faculty of Technology and Informatic, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, MalaysiaRazak Faculty of Technology and Informatic, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, MalaysiaRazak Faculty of Technology and Informatic, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, MalaysiaRazak Faculty of Technology and Informatic, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, MalaysiaAdvanced technology in agriculture has enabled the manipulation of the artificial light spectrum in plant development such as improving yield and plant growth. Light manipulation using light-emitting diodes or LEDs can inhibit, delay, or even promote flowering. Some studies have shown that far-red (FR) light can stop flowering, but studies have not fully explored the best method involving intensity and duration to induce plant growth. This paper presents results on LED light manipulation techniques, particularly FR light, on plant flowering control and plant elongation. The light manipulation technique on the combination of colors, photoperiods, and intensities proved that it can stop flowering, and stimulate and control the growth of plants during cultivation. The system was monitored using an Internet-of-Things (IoT) remote monitoring system, and it performed data mining. The results showed that plants that were grown under artificial sunlight (T5) and normal light (T1) treatments were superior compared to others. The FR light delayed flowering until 50 days of planting and accelerated the plant growth and increased the fresh weight by 126%. The experiment showed that a high variable intensity at 300 µmol m<sup>−1</sup>s<sup>−1</sup> showed a great performance and produced the largest leaf area of 1517.0 cm<sup>2</sup> and the highest fresh weight of 492.92 g. This study provides new insights to the researchers and the farming community on artificial light systems in improving plant factory production efficiency and in determining the best plant cultivation approach to create a stronger indoor farming management plant.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/8/728artificial lightcontrolled-environment agriculture (CEA)light spectrumvariable light intensities |
| spellingShingle | Ahmad Nizar Harun Robiah Ahmad Norliza Mohamed Abd Rahman Abdul Rahim Hazilah Mad Kaidi Morphological and Physiological Responses of <i>Brassica chinensis</i> on Different Far-Red (FR) Light Treatments Using Internet-of-Things (IoT) Technology Agriculture artificial light controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) light spectrum variable light intensities |
| title | Morphological and Physiological Responses of <i>Brassica chinensis</i> on Different Far-Red (FR) Light Treatments Using Internet-of-Things (IoT) Technology |
| title_full | Morphological and Physiological Responses of <i>Brassica chinensis</i> on Different Far-Red (FR) Light Treatments Using Internet-of-Things (IoT) Technology |
| title_fullStr | Morphological and Physiological Responses of <i>Brassica chinensis</i> on Different Far-Red (FR) Light Treatments Using Internet-of-Things (IoT) Technology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Morphological and Physiological Responses of <i>Brassica chinensis</i> on Different Far-Red (FR) Light Treatments Using Internet-of-Things (IoT) Technology |
| title_short | Morphological and Physiological Responses of <i>Brassica chinensis</i> on Different Far-Red (FR) Light Treatments Using Internet-of-Things (IoT) Technology |
| title_sort | morphological and physiological responses of i brassica chinensis i on different far red fr light treatments using internet of things iot technology |
| topic | artificial light controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) light spectrum variable light intensities |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/8/728 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ahmadnizarharun morphologicalandphysiologicalresponsesofibrassicachinensisiondifferentfarredfrlighttreatmentsusinginternetofthingsiottechnology AT robiahahmad morphologicalandphysiologicalresponsesofibrassicachinensisiondifferentfarredfrlighttreatmentsusinginternetofthingsiottechnology AT norlizamohamed morphologicalandphysiologicalresponsesofibrassicachinensisiondifferentfarredfrlighttreatmentsusinginternetofthingsiottechnology AT abdrahmanabdulrahim morphologicalandphysiologicalresponsesofibrassicachinensisiondifferentfarredfrlighttreatmentsusinginternetofthingsiottechnology AT hazilahmadkaidi morphologicalandphysiologicalresponsesofibrassicachinensisiondifferentfarredfrlighttreatmentsusinginternetofthingsiottechnology |