Assessment of urban groundwater quality using Piper trilinear and multivariate techniques: a case study in the Abuja, North-central, Nigeria
Abstract Background Groundwater pollution ensuing from ion exchange, weathering, agricultural and anthropogenic activities is on the rise in Nigeria. Since groundwater is used for domestic purposes, there is need for routine investigation. Findings on hydrochemistry of the groundwater components is...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2019-04-01
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| Series: | Environmental Systems Research |
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| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40068-019-0140-6 |
| _version_ | 1818215609243009024 |
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| author | Christopher Ehizemhen Igibah Joseph Apagu Tanko |
| author_facet | Christopher Ehizemhen Igibah Joseph Apagu Tanko |
| author_sort | Christopher Ehizemhen Igibah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Groundwater pollution ensuing from ion exchange, weathering, agricultural and anthropogenic activities is on the rise in Nigeria. Since groundwater is used for domestic purposes, there is need for routine investigation. Findings on hydrochemistry of the groundwater components is essential for efficient and viable management. As a result, 25 Abuja water samples were collected for microbial and chemical analyses using standard methods. The cations, anions, soluble ions, trace elements, and heavy metal were obtained and compared with WHO standards. Results The Discriminant analysis results shown that the parameters such as hydrogen ion concentration (pH), temperature (T), alkalinity (Alk), dissolve silica (SiO2), and cations such as calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), as well as anions such as carbonates ($$ {{\text{CO}}_{3}}^{2 - } $$ CO32- ), fluoride (F−), nitrates (NO3 −), and heavy metal (Mn) were within the WHO guideline values for drinking water in all the samples for both seasons. Na+, $$ {{\text{SO}}_{4}}^{2 - } $$ SO42- , EC, Mg2+, TDS, Fe2+, HCO3 −, F−, TH and Cl− contents exhibited the most violation of drinking water standards with percent violations of 100, 76, 64, 56, 56, 44, 40, 40, 36 and 24%, respectively. The highest level of significant correlation was found to exist between K+ and EC (r = 0.77, α = 0.05). Four hydro chemical clusters were identified from Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) with clearly partitioned water quality. Series and time series plot reveals TDS concentration value between 1200 and 2100 mg/l, has the highest with the mean and SD are 1433.76 and 459.38, respectively. Further analysis revealed that 16, 36 and 48% of the samples were the Ca–Cl, Na–Cl, and Mixed types, respectively. Conclusion Groundwater in the Abuja district is mainly hard to very hard, slightly acidic in nature, polluted by ion exchange, agricultural activities, anthropogenic activities, and weathering. Therefore, there is also need for routine monitoring of groundwater in Abuja. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T06:38:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-45d96cd736794e96a6e5ec0e693cdc57 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2193-2697 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T06:38:48Z |
| publishDate | 2019-04-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environmental Systems Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-45d96cd736794e96a6e5ec0e693cdc572022-12-22T00:34:24ZengSpringerOpenEnvironmental Systems Research2193-26972019-04-018111410.1186/s40068-019-0140-6Assessment of urban groundwater quality using Piper trilinear and multivariate techniques: a case study in the Abuja, North-central, NigeriaChristopher Ehizemhen Igibah0Joseph Apagu Tanko1Department of Civil Engineering, University of AbujaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Modibbo Adama University of TechnologyAbstract Background Groundwater pollution ensuing from ion exchange, weathering, agricultural and anthropogenic activities is on the rise in Nigeria. Since groundwater is used for domestic purposes, there is need for routine investigation. Findings on hydrochemistry of the groundwater components is essential for efficient and viable management. As a result, 25 Abuja water samples were collected for microbial and chemical analyses using standard methods. The cations, anions, soluble ions, trace elements, and heavy metal were obtained and compared with WHO standards. Results The Discriminant analysis results shown that the parameters such as hydrogen ion concentration (pH), temperature (T), alkalinity (Alk), dissolve silica (SiO2), and cations such as calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), as well as anions such as carbonates ($$ {{\text{CO}}_{3}}^{2 - } $$ CO32- ), fluoride (F−), nitrates (NO3 −), and heavy metal (Mn) were within the WHO guideline values for drinking water in all the samples for both seasons. Na+, $$ {{\text{SO}}_{4}}^{2 - } $$ SO42- , EC, Mg2+, TDS, Fe2+, HCO3 −, F−, TH and Cl− contents exhibited the most violation of drinking water standards with percent violations of 100, 76, 64, 56, 56, 44, 40, 40, 36 and 24%, respectively. The highest level of significant correlation was found to exist between K+ and EC (r = 0.77, α = 0.05). Four hydro chemical clusters were identified from Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) with clearly partitioned water quality. Series and time series plot reveals TDS concentration value between 1200 and 2100 mg/l, has the highest with the mean and SD are 1433.76 and 459.38, respectively. Further analysis revealed that 16, 36 and 48% of the samples were the Ca–Cl, Na–Cl, and Mixed types, respectively. Conclusion Groundwater in the Abuja district is mainly hard to very hard, slightly acidic in nature, polluted by ion exchange, agricultural activities, anthropogenic activities, and weathering. Therefore, there is also need for routine monitoring of groundwater in Abuja.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40068-019-0140-6Discriminant analysisChlorideViolationAnthropogenicAbujaNigeria |
| spellingShingle | Christopher Ehizemhen Igibah Joseph Apagu Tanko Assessment of urban groundwater quality using Piper trilinear and multivariate techniques: a case study in the Abuja, North-central, Nigeria Environmental Systems Research Discriminant analysis Chloride Violation Anthropogenic Abuja Nigeria |
| title | Assessment of urban groundwater quality using Piper trilinear and multivariate techniques: a case study in the Abuja, North-central, Nigeria |
| title_full | Assessment of urban groundwater quality using Piper trilinear and multivariate techniques: a case study in the Abuja, North-central, Nigeria |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of urban groundwater quality using Piper trilinear and multivariate techniques: a case study in the Abuja, North-central, Nigeria |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of urban groundwater quality using Piper trilinear and multivariate techniques: a case study in the Abuja, North-central, Nigeria |
| title_short | Assessment of urban groundwater quality using Piper trilinear and multivariate techniques: a case study in the Abuja, North-central, Nigeria |
| title_sort | assessment of urban groundwater quality using piper trilinear and multivariate techniques a case study in the abuja north central nigeria |
| topic | Discriminant analysis Chloride Violation Anthropogenic Abuja Nigeria |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40068-019-0140-6 |
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