| Summary: | Various host systems have been employed to increase the yield of recombinant proteins. However, some recombinant proteins were successfully produced at high yields but with no functional activities. To achieve both high protein yield and high activities, molecular biological strategies have been continuously developed. This work describes the effect of signal peptide (SP) and co-expression of molecular chaperones on the production of active recombinant protein in <i>Escherichia coli</i>. Extracellular enzymes from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, including β-1,4-xylanase, β-1,4-glucanase, and β-mannanase constructed with and without their signal peptides and intracellular enzymes from <i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> ST201, including benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFDC), benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-phenylglycine aminotransferase (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-PhgAT) were cloned and overexpressed in <i>E. coli</i> BL21(DE3). Co-expression of molecular chaperones with all enzymes studied was also investigated. Yields of β-1,4-xylanase (Xyn), β-1,4-glucanase (Cel), and β-mannanase (Man), when constructed without their N-terminal signal peptides, increased 1112.61-, 1.75-, and 1.12-fold, respectively, compared to those of spXyn, spCel, and spMan, when constructed with their signal peptides. For the natural intracellular enzymes, the chaperones, GroEL-GroES complex, increased yields of active BFDC, BADH, and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-PhgAT, up to 1.31-, 4.94- and 37.93-fold, respectively, and also increased yields of Man and Xyn up to 1.53- and 3.46-fold, respectively, while other chaperones including DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE and Trigger factor (Tf) showed variable effects with these enzymes. This study successfully cloned and overexpressed extracellular and intracellular enzymes in <i>E. coli</i> BL21(DE3). When the signal peptide regions of the secretory enzymes were removed, yields of active enzymes were higher than those with intact signal peptides. In addition, a higher yield of active enzymes was obtained, in general, when these enzymes were co-expressed with appropriate chaperones. Therefore, <i>E. coli</i> can produce cytoplasmic and secretory enzymes effectively if only the enzyme coding sequence without its signal peptide is used and appropriate chaperones are co-expressed to assist in correct folding.
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