A Comparison of Parapoxviruses in North American Pinnipeds
Parapoxviruses cause nodular lesions on the skin and mucosal membranes of pinnipeds and infections by these viruses have been documented worldwide. Seal parapoxvirus is currently classified as a tentative species of the Parapoxvirus genus. Tissue or swab samples were analyzed from 11 pinnipeds of di...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.653094/full |
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| author | Helena Costa Helena Costa Jörn Klein Eva M. Breines Hendrik H. Nollens Keith Matassa Mendy Garron Padraig J. Duignan Todd Schmitt Tracey Goldstein Morten Tryland |
| author_facet | Helena Costa Helena Costa Jörn Klein Eva M. Breines Hendrik H. Nollens Keith Matassa Mendy Garron Padraig J. Duignan Todd Schmitt Tracey Goldstein Morten Tryland |
| author_sort | Helena Costa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Parapoxviruses cause nodular lesions on the skin and mucosal membranes of pinnipeds and infections by these viruses have been documented worldwide. Seal parapoxvirus is currently classified as a tentative species of the Parapoxvirus genus. Tissue or swab samples were analyzed from 11 pinnipeds of different host species undergoing rehabilitation on the east and west coasts of the United States of America (USA) that were positive for parapoxvirus. The aim of the study was to compare parapoxvirus sequences of fragments of the B2L, DNA polymerase, GIF and viral interleukin-10 ortholog (vIL-10) genes and to examine the evolutionary relationship between viruses detected in different pinniped species and at different locations with other members of the Parapoxvirus genus, such as Orf virus (ORFV), Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV). The sequence analysis showed that the parapoxvirus sequences from the pinnipeds differed significantly from those found in terrestrial hosts and that they formed a separate cluster within the genus. Our results suggest that transmission of the same parapoxvirus strain is possible between different species, including between members of different families (phocids and otariids). Animals belonging to the same species but living in distant geographic locations presented genetically distant parapoxviruses. The findings of this study demonstrate that sealpox lesions in pinnipeds of different species are caused by viruses that belong to the Parapoxvirus genus but have significant genetic differences compared to the established virus species in terrestrial hosts, thus strongly supporting the classification of pinniped parapoxvirus as a new species of the genus. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T18:14:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-45f6a3a9e7944e4481c6a1a96083b8db |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-1769 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T18:14:44Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-45f6a3a9e7944e4481c6a1a96083b8db2022-12-21T22:52:13ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692021-05-01810.3389/fvets.2021.653094653094A Comparison of Parapoxviruses in North American PinnipedsHelena Costa0Helena Costa1Jörn Klein2Eva M. Breines3Hendrik H. Nollens4Keith Matassa5Mendy Garron6Padraig J. Duignan7Todd Schmitt8Tracey Goldstein9Morten Tryland10Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NorwayFaculty of Veterinary Medicine of University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PortugalFaculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Notodden, NorwayDepartment of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NorwayPacific Marine Mammal Center, Laguna Beach, CA, United StatesOcean Animal Response and Research Alliance, Dana Point, CA, United StatesNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office, Gloucester, MA, United StatesThe Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA, United StatesSeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, San Diego, CA, United StatesOne Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesDepartment of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NorwayParapoxviruses cause nodular lesions on the skin and mucosal membranes of pinnipeds and infections by these viruses have been documented worldwide. Seal parapoxvirus is currently classified as a tentative species of the Parapoxvirus genus. Tissue or swab samples were analyzed from 11 pinnipeds of different host species undergoing rehabilitation on the east and west coasts of the United States of America (USA) that were positive for parapoxvirus. The aim of the study was to compare parapoxvirus sequences of fragments of the B2L, DNA polymerase, GIF and viral interleukin-10 ortholog (vIL-10) genes and to examine the evolutionary relationship between viruses detected in different pinniped species and at different locations with other members of the Parapoxvirus genus, such as Orf virus (ORFV), Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV). The sequence analysis showed that the parapoxvirus sequences from the pinnipeds differed significantly from those found in terrestrial hosts and that they formed a separate cluster within the genus. Our results suggest that transmission of the same parapoxvirus strain is possible between different species, including between members of different families (phocids and otariids). Animals belonging to the same species but living in distant geographic locations presented genetically distant parapoxviruses. The findings of this study demonstrate that sealpox lesions in pinnipeds of different species are caused by viruses that belong to the Parapoxvirus genus but have significant genetic differences compared to the established virus species in terrestrial hosts, thus strongly supporting the classification of pinniped parapoxvirus as a new species of the genus.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.653094/fullparapoxvirusseal parapoxviruspinnipedskin lesionsealpox |
| spellingShingle | Helena Costa Helena Costa Jörn Klein Eva M. Breines Hendrik H. Nollens Keith Matassa Mendy Garron Padraig J. Duignan Todd Schmitt Tracey Goldstein Morten Tryland A Comparison of Parapoxviruses in North American Pinnipeds Frontiers in Veterinary Science parapoxvirus seal parapoxvirus pinniped skin lesion sealpox |
| title | A Comparison of Parapoxviruses in North American Pinnipeds |
| title_full | A Comparison of Parapoxviruses in North American Pinnipeds |
| title_fullStr | A Comparison of Parapoxviruses in North American Pinnipeds |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Comparison of Parapoxviruses in North American Pinnipeds |
| title_short | A Comparison of Parapoxviruses in North American Pinnipeds |
| title_sort | comparison of parapoxviruses in north american pinnipeds |
| topic | parapoxvirus seal parapoxvirus pinniped skin lesion sealpox |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.653094/full |
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