Discrimination of Mangrove Stages Using Multitemporal Sentinel-1 C-Band Backscatter and Sentinel-2 Data—A Case Study in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand
Discrimination of mangrove stage changes is useful for the conservation of this valuable natural resource. However, present-day optical satellite imagery is not fully reliable due to its high sensitivity to weather conditions and tidal variables. Here, we used the Vertical Transmit—Vertical Receive...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/9/1433 |
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| author | Kamonporn Upakankaew Sarawut Ninsawat Salvatore G. P. Virdis Nophea Sasaki |
| author_facet | Kamonporn Upakankaew Sarawut Ninsawat Salvatore G. P. Virdis Nophea Sasaki |
| author_sort | Kamonporn Upakankaew |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Discrimination of mangrove stage changes is useful for the conservation of this valuable natural resource. However, present-day optical satellite imagery is not fully reliable due to its high sensitivity to weather conditions and tidal variables. Here, we used the Vertical Transmit—Vertical Receive Polarization (VV) and Vertical Transmit—Horizontal Receive Polarization (VH) backscatter from the same and multiple-incidence angles from Sentinel-1 SAR C-band along with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Normalized Difference Red Edge (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>NDVI</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>RE</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and Chlorophyll Index Green (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>CI</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Green</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) from the optical satellite imageries from Sentinel-2 to discriminate between the changes in disturbance, recovery, and healthy mangrove stages in Samut Songkhram province, Thailand. We found the mean NDVI values to be 0.08 (±0.11), 0.19 (±0.09), and −0.53 (±0.16) for the three stages, respectively. We further found their correlation with VH backscatter from the multiple-incidence angles at about −17.98 (±2.34), −16.43 (±1.59), and −13.40 (±1.07), respectively. The VH backscatter from multiple-incidence angles was correlated with NDVI using Pearson’s correlation (𝑟<sup>2</sup> = 0.62). However, Pearson’s correlation of a single plot (ID2) of mangrove stage change from disturbance to recovery, and then on to the healthy mangrove stage, displayed a 𝑟<sup>2</sup> of 0.93 (<i>p</i> value is less than 0.0001, <i>n</i> = 34). This indicated that the multitemporal Sentinel-1 C-band backscatter and Sentinel-2 data could be used to discriminate mangrove stages, and that a reduced correlation to significant observations was the result of variations in both optical and SAR backscatter data. |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | doaj.art-46738be75082465bb9a7befece92fc932023-11-23T16:17:23ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072022-09-01139143310.3390/f13091433Discrimination of Mangrove Stages Using Multitemporal Sentinel-1 C-Band Backscatter and Sentinel-2 Data—A Case Study in Samut Songkhram Province, ThailandKamonporn Upakankaew0Sarawut Ninsawat1Salvatore G. P. Virdis2Nophea Sasaki3Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang 12120, ThailandRemote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang 12120, ThailandRemote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang 12120, ThailandNatural Resources Management, School of Environment, Resources, and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang 12120, ThailandDiscrimination of mangrove stage changes is useful for the conservation of this valuable natural resource. However, present-day optical satellite imagery is not fully reliable due to its high sensitivity to weather conditions and tidal variables. Here, we used the Vertical Transmit—Vertical Receive Polarization (VV) and Vertical Transmit—Horizontal Receive Polarization (VH) backscatter from the same and multiple-incidence angles from Sentinel-1 SAR C-band along with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Normalized Difference Red Edge (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>NDVI</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>RE</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and Chlorophyll Index Green (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>CI</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Green</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) from the optical satellite imageries from Sentinel-2 to discriminate between the changes in disturbance, recovery, and healthy mangrove stages in Samut Songkhram province, Thailand. We found the mean NDVI values to be 0.08 (±0.11), 0.19 (±0.09), and −0.53 (±0.16) for the three stages, respectively. We further found their correlation with VH backscatter from the multiple-incidence angles at about −17.98 (±2.34), −16.43 (±1.59), and −13.40 (±1.07), respectively. The VH backscatter from multiple-incidence angles was correlated with NDVI using Pearson’s correlation (𝑟<sup>2</sup> = 0.62). However, Pearson’s correlation of a single plot (ID2) of mangrove stage change from disturbance to recovery, and then on to the healthy mangrove stage, displayed a 𝑟<sup>2</sup> of 0.93 (<i>p</i> value is less than 0.0001, <i>n</i> = 34). This indicated that the multitemporal Sentinel-1 C-band backscatter and Sentinel-2 data could be used to discriminate mangrove stages, and that a reduced correlation to significant observations was the result of variations in both optical and SAR backscatter data.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/9/1433multitemporal dataSentinel-1C-bandSentinel-2mangrove stage discrimination |
| spellingShingle | Kamonporn Upakankaew Sarawut Ninsawat Salvatore G. P. Virdis Nophea Sasaki Discrimination of Mangrove Stages Using Multitemporal Sentinel-1 C-Band Backscatter and Sentinel-2 Data—A Case Study in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand Forests multitemporal data Sentinel-1 C-band Sentinel-2 mangrove stage discrimination |
| title | Discrimination of Mangrove Stages Using Multitemporal Sentinel-1 C-Band Backscatter and Sentinel-2 Data—A Case Study in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand |
| title_full | Discrimination of Mangrove Stages Using Multitemporal Sentinel-1 C-Band Backscatter and Sentinel-2 Data—A Case Study in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand |
| title_fullStr | Discrimination of Mangrove Stages Using Multitemporal Sentinel-1 C-Band Backscatter and Sentinel-2 Data—A Case Study in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand |
| title_full_unstemmed | Discrimination of Mangrove Stages Using Multitemporal Sentinel-1 C-Band Backscatter and Sentinel-2 Data—A Case Study in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand |
| title_short | Discrimination of Mangrove Stages Using Multitemporal Sentinel-1 C-Band Backscatter and Sentinel-2 Data—A Case Study in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand |
| title_sort | discrimination of mangrove stages using multitemporal sentinel 1 c band backscatter and sentinel 2 data a case study in samut songkhram province thailand |
| topic | multitemporal data Sentinel-1 C-band Sentinel-2 mangrove stage discrimination |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/9/1433 |
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