Use of Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Diversity of Toxins Produced by <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i> Species from Balearic Islands and Crete (Mediterranean Sea) and the Canary Islands (Northeast Atlantic)
Over the last decade, knowledge has significantly increased on the taxonomic identity and distribution of dinoflagellates of the genera <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i>. Additionally, a number of hitherto unknown bioactive metabolites have been described, while the rol...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-05-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/5/305 |
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| author | Pablo Estevez Manoëlla Sibat José Manuel Leão-Martins Angels Tudó Maria Rambla-Alegre Katerina Aligizaki Jorge Diogène Ana Gago-Martinez Philipp Hess |
| author_facet | Pablo Estevez Manoëlla Sibat José Manuel Leão-Martins Angels Tudó Maria Rambla-Alegre Katerina Aligizaki Jorge Diogène Ana Gago-Martinez Philipp Hess |
| author_sort | Pablo Estevez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Over the last decade, knowledge has significantly increased on the taxonomic identity and distribution of dinoflagellates of the genera <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i>. Additionally, a number of hitherto unknown bioactive metabolites have been described, while the role of these compounds in ciguatera poisoning (CP) remains to be clarified. Ciguatoxins and maitotoxins are very toxic compounds produced by these dinoflagellates and have been described since the 1980s. Ciguatoxins are generally described as the main contributors to this food intoxication. Recent reports of CP in temperate waters of the Canary Islands (Spain) and the Madeira archipelago (Portugal) triggered the need for isolation and cultivation of dinoflagellates from these areas, and their taxonomic and toxicological characterization. Maitotoxins, and specifically maitotoxin-4, has been described as one of the most toxic compounds produced by these dinoflagellates (e.g., <i>G. excentricus</i>) in the Canary Islands. Thus, characterization of toxin profiles of <i>Gambierdiscus</i> species from adjacent regions appears critical. The combination of liquid chromatography coupled to either low- or high-resolution mass spectrometry allowed for characterization of several strains of <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i> from the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands. Maitotoxin-3, two analogues tentatively identified as gambieric acid C and D, a putative gambierone analogue and a putative gambieroxide were detected in all <i>G. australes</i> strains from Menorca and Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) while only maitotoxin-3 was present in an <i>F. paulensis</i> strain of the same region. An unidentified <i>Gambierdiscus</i> species (<i>Gambierdiscus</i> sp.2) from Crete (Greece) showed a different toxin profile, detecting both maitotoxin-3 and gambierone, while the availability of a <i>G. excentricus</i> strain from the Canary Islands (Spain) confirmed the presence of maitotoxin-4 in this species. Overall, this study shows that toxin profiles not only appear to be species-specific but probably also specific to larger geographic regions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:59:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4677080b8ab544e19be5bfea7da8f601 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:59:14Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-4677080b8ab544e19be5bfea7da8f6012023-11-19T23:42:25ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512020-05-0112530510.3390/toxins12050305Use of Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Diversity of Toxins Produced by <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i> Species from Balearic Islands and Crete (Mediterranean Sea) and the Canary Islands (Northeast Atlantic)Pablo Estevez0Manoëlla Sibat1José Manuel Leão-Martins2Angels Tudó3Maria Rambla-Alegre4Katerina Aligizaki5Jorge Diogène6Ana Gago-Martinez7Philipp Hess8Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, SpainLaboratoire Phycotoxines, Ifremer, Rue de l’Île d’Yeu 44311 Nantes, FranceBiomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, SpainMarine and Continental Waters programme, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, SpainMarine and Continental Waters programme, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, SpainLaboratory Unit on Harmful Marine Microalgae, Biology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceMarine and Continental Waters programme, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, SpainBiomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, SpainLaboratoire Phycotoxines, Ifremer, Rue de l’Île d’Yeu 44311 Nantes, FranceOver the last decade, knowledge has significantly increased on the taxonomic identity and distribution of dinoflagellates of the genera <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i>. Additionally, a number of hitherto unknown bioactive metabolites have been described, while the role of these compounds in ciguatera poisoning (CP) remains to be clarified. Ciguatoxins and maitotoxins are very toxic compounds produced by these dinoflagellates and have been described since the 1980s. Ciguatoxins are generally described as the main contributors to this food intoxication. Recent reports of CP in temperate waters of the Canary Islands (Spain) and the Madeira archipelago (Portugal) triggered the need for isolation and cultivation of dinoflagellates from these areas, and their taxonomic and toxicological characterization. Maitotoxins, and specifically maitotoxin-4, has been described as one of the most toxic compounds produced by these dinoflagellates (e.g., <i>G. excentricus</i>) in the Canary Islands. Thus, characterization of toxin profiles of <i>Gambierdiscus</i> species from adjacent regions appears critical. The combination of liquid chromatography coupled to either low- or high-resolution mass spectrometry allowed for characterization of several strains of <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i> from the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands. Maitotoxin-3, two analogues tentatively identified as gambieric acid C and D, a putative gambierone analogue and a putative gambieroxide were detected in all <i>G. australes</i> strains from Menorca and Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) while only maitotoxin-3 was present in an <i>F. paulensis</i> strain of the same region. An unidentified <i>Gambierdiscus</i> species (<i>Gambierdiscus</i> sp.2) from Crete (Greece) showed a different toxin profile, detecting both maitotoxin-3 and gambierone, while the availability of a <i>G. excentricus</i> strain from the Canary Islands (Spain) confirmed the presence of maitotoxin-4 in this species. Overall, this study shows that toxin profiles not only appear to be species-specific but probably also specific to larger geographic regions.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/5/305maitotoxinsciguatoxins<i>Gambierdiscus</i><i>Fukuyoa</i>LC-MS/MSHRMS |
| spellingShingle | Pablo Estevez Manoëlla Sibat José Manuel Leão-Martins Angels Tudó Maria Rambla-Alegre Katerina Aligizaki Jorge Diogène Ana Gago-Martinez Philipp Hess Use of Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Diversity of Toxins Produced by <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i> Species from Balearic Islands and Crete (Mediterranean Sea) and the Canary Islands (Northeast Atlantic) Toxins maitotoxins ciguatoxins <i>Gambierdiscus</i> <i>Fukuyoa</i> LC-MS/MS HRMS |
| title | Use of Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Diversity of Toxins Produced by <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i> Species from Balearic Islands and Crete (Mediterranean Sea) and the Canary Islands (Northeast Atlantic) |
| title_full | Use of Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Diversity of Toxins Produced by <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i> Species from Balearic Islands and Crete (Mediterranean Sea) and the Canary Islands (Northeast Atlantic) |
| title_fullStr | Use of Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Diversity of Toxins Produced by <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i> Species from Balearic Islands and Crete (Mediterranean Sea) and the Canary Islands (Northeast Atlantic) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Use of Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Diversity of Toxins Produced by <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i> Species from Balearic Islands and Crete (Mediterranean Sea) and the Canary Islands (Northeast Atlantic) |
| title_short | Use of Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Diversity of Toxins Produced by <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i> Species from Balearic Islands and Crete (Mediterranean Sea) and the Canary Islands (Northeast Atlantic) |
| title_sort | use of mass spectrometry to determine the diversity of toxins produced by i gambierdiscus i and i fukuyoa i species from balearic islands and crete mediterranean sea and the canary islands northeast atlantic |
| topic | maitotoxins ciguatoxins <i>Gambierdiscus</i> <i>Fukuyoa</i> LC-MS/MS HRMS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/5/305 |
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