Quantifying the Spatiotemporal Changes in Evapotranspiration and Its Components Driven by Vegetation Greening and Climate Change in the Northern Foot of Yinshan Mountain
Evapotranspiration (E), a pivotal phenomenon inherent to hydrological and thermal dynamics, assumes a position of utmost importance within the intricate framework of the water–energy nexus. However, the quantitative study of E on a large scale for the “Grain for Green” projects under the backdrop of...
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/357 |
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| author | Zijun Wang Yangyang Liu Zhenqian Wang Hong Zhang Xu Chen Zhongming Wen Ziqi Lin Peidong Han Tingyi Xue |
| author_facet | Zijun Wang Yangyang Liu Zhenqian Wang Hong Zhang Xu Chen Zhongming Wen Ziqi Lin Peidong Han Tingyi Xue |
| author_sort | Zijun Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Evapotranspiration (E), a pivotal phenomenon inherent to hydrological and thermal dynamics, assumes a position of utmost importance within the intricate framework of the water–energy nexus. However, the quantitative study of E on a large scale for the “Grain for Green” projects under the backdrop of climate change is still lacking. Consequently, this study examined the interannual variations and spatial distribution patterns of E, transpiration (Et), and soil evaporation (Eb) in the Northern Foot of Yinshan Mountain (NFYM) between 2000 and 2020 and quantified the contributions of climate change and vegetation greening to the changes in E, Et, and Eb. Results showed that E (2.47 mm/a, <i>p</i> < 0.01), Et (1.30 mm/a, <i>p</i> < 0.01), and Eb (1.06 mm/a, <i>p</i> < 0.01) all exhibited a significant increasing trend during 2000–2020. Notably, vegetation greening emerged as the predominant impetus underpinning the augmentation of both E and Eb, augmenting their rates by 0.49 mm/a and 0.57 mm/a, respectively. In terms of Et, meteorological factors emerged as the primary catalysts, with temperature (Temp) assuming a predominant role by augmenting Et at a rate of 0.35 mm/a. Temp, Precipitation (Pre), and leaf area index (LAI) collectively dominated the proportional distribution of E, accounting for shares of 32.75%, 28.43%, and 25.01%, respectively. Within the spectrum of predominant drivers influencing Et, Temp exerted the most substantial influence, commanding the largest proportion at 33.83%. For Eb, the preeminent determinants were recognized as LAI and Temp, collectively constituting a substantial portion of the study area, accounting for 32.10% and 29.50%, respectively. The LAI exerted a pronounced direct influence on the Et, with no significant effects on E and bare Eb. Wind speed (WS) had a substantial direct impact on both E and Et. Pre exhibited a strong direct influence on E, Et, and Eb. Relative humidity (RH) significantly affected E directly. Temp primarily influenced Eb indirectly through radiation (Rad). Rad exerted a significant direct inhibitory effect on Eb. These findings significantly advanced our mechanistic understanding of how E and its components in the NFYM respond to climate change and vegetation greening, thus providing a robust basis for formulating strategies related to regional ecological conservation and water resources management, as well as supplying theoretical underpinnings for constructing sustainable vegetation restoration strategies involving water resources in the region. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:35:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-469f527a6c734071a8e045a3d36dc46f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:35:18Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-469f527a6c734071a8e045a3d36dc46f2024-01-26T18:19:10ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922024-01-0116235710.3390/rs16020357Quantifying the Spatiotemporal Changes in Evapotranspiration and Its Components Driven by Vegetation Greening and Climate Change in the Northern Foot of Yinshan MountainZijun Wang0Yangyang Liu1Zhenqian Wang2Hong Zhang3Xu Chen4Zhongming Wen5Ziqi Lin6Peidong Han7Tingyi Xue8Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-Hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, ChinaYinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-Hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, ChinaDepartment of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, SwedenScience and Technology Division, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, P.O. Box 2454, Brisbane, QLD 4001, AustraliaCollege of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, ChinaCollege of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, ChinaCollege of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, ChinaCollege of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, ChinaCollege of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, ChinaEvapotranspiration (E), a pivotal phenomenon inherent to hydrological and thermal dynamics, assumes a position of utmost importance within the intricate framework of the water–energy nexus. However, the quantitative study of E on a large scale for the “Grain for Green” projects under the backdrop of climate change is still lacking. Consequently, this study examined the interannual variations and spatial distribution patterns of E, transpiration (Et), and soil evaporation (Eb) in the Northern Foot of Yinshan Mountain (NFYM) between 2000 and 2020 and quantified the contributions of climate change and vegetation greening to the changes in E, Et, and Eb. Results showed that E (2.47 mm/a, <i>p</i> < 0.01), Et (1.30 mm/a, <i>p</i> < 0.01), and Eb (1.06 mm/a, <i>p</i> < 0.01) all exhibited a significant increasing trend during 2000–2020. Notably, vegetation greening emerged as the predominant impetus underpinning the augmentation of both E and Eb, augmenting their rates by 0.49 mm/a and 0.57 mm/a, respectively. In terms of Et, meteorological factors emerged as the primary catalysts, with temperature (Temp) assuming a predominant role by augmenting Et at a rate of 0.35 mm/a. Temp, Precipitation (Pre), and leaf area index (LAI) collectively dominated the proportional distribution of E, accounting for shares of 32.75%, 28.43%, and 25.01%, respectively. Within the spectrum of predominant drivers influencing Et, Temp exerted the most substantial influence, commanding the largest proportion at 33.83%. For Eb, the preeminent determinants were recognized as LAI and Temp, collectively constituting a substantial portion of the study area, accounting for 32.10% and 29.50%, respectively. The LAI exerted a pronounced direct influence on the Et, with no significant effects on E and bare Eb. Wind speed (WS) had a substantial direct impact on both E and Et. Pre exhibited a strong direct influence on E, Et, and Eb. Relative humidity (RH) significantly affected E directly. Temp primarily influenced Eb indirectly through radiation (Rad). Rad exerted a significant direct inhibitory effect on Eb. These findings significantly advanced our mechanistic understanding of how E and its components in the NFYM respond to climate change and vegetation greening, thus providing a robust basis for formulating strategies related to regional ecological conservation and water resources management, as well as supplying theoretical underpinnings for constructing sustainable vegetation restoration strategies involving water resources in the region.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/357climate changevegetation greeningevapotranspirationtranspirationsoil evaporationthe northern foot of Yinshan mountain |
| spellingShingle | Zijun Wang Yangyang Liu Zhenqian Wang Hong Zhang Xu Chen Zhongming Wen Ziqi Lin Peidong Han Tingyi Xue Quantifying the Spatiotemporal Changes in Evapotranspiration and Its Components Driven by Vegetation Greening and Climate Change in the Northern Foot of Yinshan Mountain Remote Sensing climate change vegetation greening evapotranspiration transpiration soil evaporation the northern foot of Yinshan mountain |
| title | Quantifying the Spatiotemporal Changes in Evapotranspiration and Its Components Driven by Vegetation Greening and Climate Change in the Northern Foot of Yinshan Mountain |
| title_full | Quantifying the Spatiotemporal Changes in Evapotranspiration and Its Components Driven by Vegetation Greening and Climate Change in the Northern Foot of Yinshan Mountain |
| title_fullStr | Quantifying the Spatiotemporal Changes in Evapotranspiration and Its Components Driven by Vegetation Greening and Climate Change in the Northern Foot of Yinshan Mountain |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantifying the Spatiotemporal Changes in Evapotranspiration and Its Components Driven by Vegetation Greening and Climate Change in the Northern Foot of Yinshan Mountain |
| title_short | Quantifying the Spatiotemporal Changes in Evapotranspiration and Its Components Driven by Vegetation Greening and Climate Change in the Northern Foot of Yinshan Mountain |
| title_sort | quantifying the spatiotemporal changes in evapotranspiration and its components driven by vegetation greening and climate change in the northern foot of yinshan mountain |
| topic | climate change vegetation greening evapotranspiration transpiration soil evaporation the northern foot of Yinshan mountain |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/357 |
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