On Statistical Fluctuations in Collective Flows
In relativistic heavy-ion collisions, event-by-event fluctuations are known to have non-trivial implications. Even though the probability distribution is geometrically isotropic for the initial conditions, the anisotropic <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Universe |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/9/2/67 |
| _version_ | 1827755322029113344 |
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| author | Wei-Liang Qian Kai Lin Chong Ye Jin Li Yu Pan Rui-Hong Yue |
| author_facet | Wei-Liang Qian Kai Lin Chong Ye Jin Li Yu Pan Rui-Hong Yue |
| author_sort | Wei-Liang Qian |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In relativistic heavy-ion collisions, event-by-event fluctuations are known to have non-trivial implications. Even though the probability distribution is geometrically isotropic for the initial conditions, the anisotropic <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>ε</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> still differs from zero owing to the statistical fluctuations in the energy profile. On the other hand, the flow harmonics extracted from the hadron spectrum using the multi-particle correlators are inevitably subjected to non-vanishing variance due to the finite number of hadrons emitted in individual events. As one aims to extract information on the fluctuations in the initial conditions via flow harmonics and their fluctuations, finite multiplicity may play a role in interfering with such an effort. In this study, we explore the properties and impacts of such fluctuations in the initial and final states, which both notably appear to be statistical ones originating from the finite number of quanta of the underlying system. We elaborate on the properties of the initial-state eccentricities for the smooth and event-by-event fluctuating initial conditions and their distinct impacts on the resulting flow harmonics. Numerical simulations are performed. The possible implications of the present study are also addressed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-46bbfa2b4ee84d5eb288e0ff0cee59e1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1997 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:43Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Universe |
| spelling | doaj.art-46bbfa2b4ee84d5eb288e0ff0cee59e12023-11-16T23:40:29ZengMDPI AGUniverse2218-19972023-01-01926710.3390/universe9020067On Statistical Fluctuations in Collective FlowsWei-Liang Qian0Kai Lin1Chong Ye2Jin Li3Yu Pan4Rui-Hong Yue5Center for Gravitation and Cosmology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, ChinaHubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, ChinaCenter for Gravitation and Cosmology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, ChinaCollege of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, ChinaCollege of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, ChinaCenter for Gravitation and Cosmology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, ChinaIn relativistic heavy-ion collisions, event-by-event fluctuations are known to have non-trivial implications. Even though the probability distribution is geometrically isotropic for the initial conditions, the anisotropic <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>ε</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> still differs from zero owing to the statistical fluctuations in the energy profile. On the other hand, the flow harmonics extracted from the hadron spectrum using the multi-particle correlators are inevitably subjected to non-vanishing variance due to the finite number of hadrons emitted in individual events. As one aims to extract information on the fluctuations in the initial conditions via flow harmonics and their fluctuations, finite multiplicity may play a role in interfering with such an effort. In this study, we explore the properties and impacts of such fluctuations in the initial and final states, which both notably appear to be statistical ones originating from the finite number of quanta of the underlying system. We elaborate on the properties of the initial-state eccentricities for the smooth and event-by-event fluctuating initial conditions and their distinct impacts on the resulting flow harmonics. Numerical simulations are performed. The possible implications of the present study are also addressed.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/9/2/67flow fluctuationshydrodynamical modeleccentricity |
| spellingShingle | Wei-Liang Qian Kai Lin Chong Ye Jin Li Yu Pan Rui-Hong Yue On Statistical Fluctuations in Collective Flows Universe flow fluctuations hydrodynamical model eccentricity |
| title | On Statistical Fluctuations in Collective Flows |
| title_full | On Statistical Fluctuations in Collective Flows |
| title_fullStr | On Statistical Fluctuations in Collective Flows |
| title_full_unstemmed | On Statistical Fluctuations in Collective Flows |
| title_short | On Statistical Fluctuations in Collective Flows |
| title_sort | on statistical fluctuations in collective flows |
| topic | flow fluctuations hydrodynamical model eccentricity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/9/2/67 |
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