Serum Concentrations of Benzaldehyde, Isopentanaldehyde and Sex Hormones: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Exposure to environmental chemicals could disturb the balance of sex hormones. However, the studies on Benzaldehyde, Isopentanaldehyde exposure and sex hormones are still limited. Based on the data of 1064 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we used the lin...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/7/573 |
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| author | Zhilei Mao Rui Yuan Xu Wang Kaipeng Xie Bo Xu |
| author_facet | Zhilei Mao Rui Yuan Xu Wang Kaipeng Xie Bo Xu |
| author_sort | Zhilei Mao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Exposure to environmental chemicals could disturb the balance of sex hormones. However, the studies on Benzaldehyde, Isopentanaldehyde exposure and sex hormones are still limited. Based on the data of 1064 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we used the linear regression model and restricted cubic spline (RCS) model to evaluate the associations of Benzaldehyde/Isopentanaldehyde exposure with testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index (FAI) and the ratio of TT to E2 (TT/E2). A ln-unit increase in Benzaldehyde was associated with lower TT (β = −0.048, <i>P</i> = 0.030) and E2 (β = −0.094, <i>P</i> = 0.046) in all participants. After further adjustment for menopausal status, Benzaldehyde was negatively associated with E2 (β = −0.174, <i>P</i> = 0.045) in females. The interaction between Benzaldehyde and gender was significant (<i>P</i><sub>inter</sub> = 0.031). However, Isopentanaldehyde showed a positive association with SHBG and TT/E2 in all participants (all <i>P</i> < 0.05). The positive associations of Isopentanaldehyde with TT, SHBG and TT/E2 were found in males but not in females. RCS plots illustrated the linear associations of Benzaldehyde with E2 (<i>P</i><sub>non-linear</sub> = 0.05) in females and Isopentanaldehyde with TT (<i>P</i><sub>non-linear</sub> = 0.07) and TT/E2 (<i>P</i><sub>non-linear</sub> = 0.350) in males. The non-linear relationships were identified between Isopentanaldehyde and SHBG in males (<i>P</i><sub>non-linear</sub> = 0.035). Our findings indicated the effects of Benzaldehyde and Isopentanaldehyde exposure on sex hormones, and the effects had the gender specificity. Cohort studies and high-quality in vitro and in vivo experiments are needed to confirm the specific effects and uncover the underlying mechanisms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:36:05Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:36:05Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-46d47bd1da51432caaf8fbe62ead17d52023-11-18T21:36:46ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-06-0111757310.3390/toxics11070573Serum Concentrations of Benzaldehyde, Isopentanaldehyde and Sex Hormones: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination SurveyZhilei Mao0Rui Yuan1Xu Wang2Kaipeng Xie3Bo Xu4Changzhou Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, ChinaDepartment of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, ChinaDepartment of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, ChinaDepartment of Public Health, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, ChinaExposure to environmental chemicals could disturb the balance of sex hormones. However, the studies on Benzaldehyde, Isopentanaldehyde exposure and sex hormones are still limited. Based on the data of 1064 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we used the linear regression model and restricted cubic spline (RCS) model to evaluate the associations of Benzaldehyde/Isopentanaldehyde exposure with testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index (FAI) and the ratio of TT to E2 (TT/E2). A ln-unit increase in Benzaldehyde was associated with lower TT (β = −0.048, <i>P</i> = 0.030) and E2 (β = −0.094, <i>P</i> = 0.046) in all participants. After further adjustment for menopausal status, Benzaldehyde was negatively associated with E2 (β = −0.174, <i>P</i> = 0.045) in females. The interaction between Benzaldehyde and gender was significant (<i>P</i><sub>inter</sub> = 0.031). However, Isopentanaldehyde showed a positive association with SHBG and TT/E2 in all participants (all <i>P</i> < 0.05). The positive associations of Isopentanaldehyde with TT, SHBG and TT/E2 were found in males but not in females. RCS plots illustrated the linear associations of Benzaldehyde with E2 (<i>P</i><sub>non-linear</sub> = 0.05) in females and Isopentanaldehyde with TT (<i>P</i><sub>non-linear</sub> = 0.07) and TT/E2 (<i>P</i><sub>non-linear</sub> = 0.350) in males. The non-linear relationships were identified between Isopentanaldehyde and SHBG in males (<i>P</i><sub>non-linear</sub> = 0.035). Our findings indicated the effects of Benzaldehyde and Isopentanaldehyde exposure on sex hormones, and the effects had the gender specificity. Cohort studies and high-quality in vitro and in vivo experiments are needed to confirm the specific effects and uncover the underlying mechanisms.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/7/573benzaldehydeisopentanaldehydesex hormonesNHANES |
| spellingShingle | Zhilei Mao Rui Yuan Xu Wang Kaipeng Xie Bo Xu Serum Concentrations of Benzaldehyde, Isopentanaldehyde and Sex Hormones: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Toxics benzaldehyde isopentanaldehyde sex hormones NHANES |
| title | Serum Concentrations of Benzaldehyde, Isopentanaldehyde and Sex Hormones: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
| title_full | Serum Concentrations of Benzaldehyde, Isopentanaldehyde and Sex Hormones: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
| title_fullStr | Serum Concentrations of Benzaldehyde, Isopentanaldehyde and Sex Hormones: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Serum Concentrations of Benzaldehyde, Isopentanaldehyde and Sex Hormones: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
| title_short | Serum Concentrations of Benzaldehyde, Isopentanaldehyde and Sex Hormones: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
| title_sort | serum concentrations of benzaldehyde isopentanaldehyde and sex hormones evidence from the national health and nutrition examination survey |
| topic | benzaldehyde isopentanaldehyde sex hormones NHANES |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/7/573 |
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