Large-Scale Meteorological Drivers of the Extreme Precipitation Event and Devastating Floods of Early-February 2021 in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
Unusually long duration and heavy rainfall from 5 to 6 February 2021 caused widespread and devastating floods in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. The heavy rainfall was produced by two mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). The first MCS developed at 13Z on 5 February 2021 over the southern coast of...
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/7/1092 |
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| author | Eddy Hermawan Sandro W. Lubis Teguh Harjana Anis Purwaningsih Risyanto Ainur Ridho Dita Fatria Andarini Dian Nur Ratri Retno Widyaningsih |
| author_facet | Eddy Hermawan Sandro W. Lubis Teguh Harjana Anis Purwaningsih Risyanto Ainur Ridho Dita Fatria Andarini Dian Nur Ratri Retno Widyaningsih |
| author_sort | Eddy Hermawan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Unusually long duration and heavy rainfall from 5 to 6 February 2021 caused widespread and devastating floods in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. The heavy rainfall was produced by two mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). The first MCS developed at 13Z on 5 February 2021 over the southern coast of Sumatra and propagated towards Semarang. The second MCS developed over the north coast of Semarang at 18Z on 5 February 2021 and later led to the first peak of precipitation at 21Z on 5 February 2021. These two MCSs eventually merged into a single MCS, producing the second peak of precipitation at 00Z on 6 February 2021. Analysis of the moisture transport indicates that the strong and persistent north-westerly wind near the surface induced by CENS prior to and during the event created an intensive meridional (southward) tropospheric moisture transport from the South China Sea towards Semarang. In addition, the westerly flow induced by low-frequency variability associated with La Nina and the tropical depression over the North of Australia produced an intensive zonal (eastward) tropospheric moisture transport from the Indian Ocean towards Semarang. The combined effects of the zonal and meridional moisture transport provided favorable conditions for the development of MCSs, and hence extreme rainfall over Semarang. These results provide useful precursors for extreme weather-driven hazard prediction in Semarang and the surrounding regions in the future. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:42:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-46db8665a5134306b369a44ed95a13f6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:42:21Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-46db8665a5134306b369a44ed95a13f62023-12-03T14:38:48ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332022-07-01137109210.3390/atmos13071092Large-Scale Meteorological Drivers of the Extreme Precipitation Event and Devastating Floods of Early-February 2021 in Semarang, Central Java, IndonesiaEddy Hermawan0Sandro W. Lubis1Teguh Harjana2Anis Purwaningsih3Risyanto4Ainur Ridho5Dita Fatria Andarini6Dian Nur Ratri7Retno Widyaningsih8Center for Atmospheric Science and Technology of National Institute of Aeronautics and Space, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 10340, IndonesiaCenter for Atmospheric Science and Technology of National Institute of Aeronautics and Space, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 10340, IndonesiaCenter for Atmospheric Science and Technology of National Institute of Aeronautics and Space, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 10340, IndonesiaCenter for Atmospheric Science and Technology of National Institute of Aeronautics and Space, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 10340, IndonesiaCenter for Atmospheric Science and Technology of National Institute of Aeronautics and Space, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 10340, IndonesiaCerdas Antisipasi Risiko Bencana Indonesia (CARI), Bandung 40293, IndonesiaCenter for Atmospheric Science and Technology of National Institute of Aeronautics and Space, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 10340, IndonesiaMeteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency, Jakarta 10720, IndonesiaMeteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency, Jakarta 10720, IndonesiaUnusually long duration and heavy rainfall from 5 to 6 February 2021 caused widespread and devastating floods in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. The heavy rainfall was produced by two mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). The first MCS developed at 13Z on 5 February 2021 over the southern coast of Sumatra and propagated towards Semarang. The second MCS developed over the north coast of Semarang at 18Z on 5 February 2021 and later led to the first peak of precipitation at 21Z on 5 February 2021. These two MCSs eventually merged into a single MCS, producing the second peak of precipitation at 00Z on 6 February 2021. Analysis of the moisture transport indicates that the strong and persistent north-westerly wind near the surface induced by CENS prior to and during the event created an intensive meridional (southward) tropospheric moisture transport from the South China Sea towards Semarang. In addition, the westerly flow induced by low-frequency variability associated with La Nina and the tropical depression over the North of Australia produced an intensive zonal (eastward) tropospheric moisture transport from the Indian Ocean towards Semarang. The combined effects of the zonal and meridional moisture transport provided favorable conditions for the development of MCSs, and hence extreme rainfall over Semarang. These results provide useful precursors for extreme weather-driven hazard prediction in Semarang and the surrounding regions in the future.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/7/1092extreme precipitationfloodCENSlow-frequency variabilitytropical depressionSemarang |
| spellingShingle | Eddy Hermawan Sandro W. Lubis Teguh Harjana Anis Purwaningsih Risyanto Ainur Ridho Dita Fatria Andarini Dian Nur Ratri Retno Widyaningsih Large-Scale Meteorological Drivers of the Extreme Precipitation Event and Devastating Floods of Early-February 2021 in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia Atmosphere extreme precipitation flood CENS low-frequency variability tropical depression Semarang |
| title | Large-Scale Meteorological Drivers of the Extreme Precipitation Event and Devastating Floods of Early-February 2021 in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia |
| title_full | Large-Scale Meteorological Drivers of the Extreme Precipitation Event and Devastating Floods of Early-February 2021 in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia |
| title_fullStr | Large-Scale Meteorological Drivers of the Extreme Precipitation Event and Devastating Floods of Early-February 2021 in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Large-Scale Meteorological Drivers of the Extreme Precipitation Event and Devastating Floods of Early-February 2021 in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia |
| title_short | Large-Scale Meteorological Drivers of the Extreme Precipitation Event and Devastating Floods of Early-February 2021 in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia |
| title_sort | large scale meteorological drivers of the extreme precipitation event and devastating floods of early february 2021 in semarang central java indonesia |
| topic | extreme precipitation flood CENS low-frequency variability tropical depression Semarang |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/7/1092 |
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