Old wild wolves: ancient DNA survey unveils population dynamics in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Italian remains
Background The contemporary Italian wolf (Canis lupus italicus) represents a case of morphological and genetic uniqueness. Today, Italian wolves are also the only documented population to fall exclusively within the mitochondrial haplogroup 2, which was the most diffused across Eurasian and North Am...
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PeerJ Inc.
2019-03-01
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| author | Marta Maria Ciucani Davide Palumbo Marco Galaverni Patrizia Serventi Elena Fabbri Gloria Ravegnini Sabrina Angelini Elena Maini Davide Persico Romolo Caniglia Elisabetta Cilli |
| author_facet | Marta Maria Ciucani Davide Palumbo Marco Galaverni Patrizia Serventi Elena Fabbri Gloria Ravegnini Sabrina Angelini Elena Maini Davide Persico Romolo Caniglia Elisabetta Cilli |
| author_sort | Marta Maria Ciucani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background The contemporary Italian wolf (Canis lupus italicus) represents a case of morphological and genetic uniqueness. Today, Italian wolves are also the only documented population to fall exclusively within the mitochondrial haplogroup 2, which was the most diffused across Eurasian and North American wolves during the Late Pleistocene. However, the dynamics leading to such distinctiveness are still debated. Methods In order to shed light on the ancient genetic variability of this wolf population and on the origin of its current diversity, we collected 19 Late Pleistocene-Holocene samples from northern Italy, which we analyzed at a short portion of the hypervariable region 1 of the mitochondrial DNA, highly informative for wolf and dog phylogenetic analyses. Results Four out of the six detected haplotypes matched the ones found in ancient wolves from northern Europe and Beringia, or in modern European and Chinese wolves, and appeared closely related to the two haplotypes currently found in Italian wolves. The haplotype of two Late Pleistocene samples matched with primitive and contemporary dog sequences from the canine mitochondrial clade A. All these haplotypes belonged to haplogroup 2. The only exception was a Holocene sample dated 3,250 years ago, affiliated to haplogroup 1. Discussion In this study we describe the genetic variability of the most ancient wolf specimens from Italy analyzed so far, providing a preliminary overview of the genetic make-up of the population that inhabited this area from the last glacial maximum to the Middle Age period. Our results endorsed that the genetic diversity carried by the Pleistocene wolves here analyzed showed a strong continuity with other northern Eurasian wolf specimens from the same chronological period. Contrarily, the Holocene samples showed a greater similarity only with modern sequences from Europe and Asia, and the occurrence of an haplogroup 1 haplotype allowed to date back previous finding about its presence in this area. Moreover, the unexpected discovery of a 24,700-year-old sample carrying a haplotype that, from the fragment here obtained, falls within the canine clade A, could represent the oldest evidence in Europe of such dog-rich clade. All these findings suggest complex population dynamics that deserve to be further investigated based on mitochondrial or whole genome sequencing. |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | doaj.art-4732e97026f34b08ab880bc8436934322023-12-03T11:34:11ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592019-03-017e642410.7717/peerj.6424Old wild wolves: ancient DNA survey unveils population dynamics in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Italian remainsMarta Maria Ciucani0Davide Palumbo1Marco Galaverni2Patrizia Serventi3Elena Fabbri4Gloria Ravegnini5Sabrina Angelini6Elena Maini7Davide Persico8Romolo Caniglia9Elisabetta Cilli10Laboratories of Physical Anthropology and Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, ItalyEnte di Gestione per i Parchi e la Biodiversità Emilia Orientale, Monteveglio, ItalyConservation Unit, WWF Italia, Rome, ItalyLaboratories of Physical Anthropology and Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, ItalyUnit for Conservation Genetics (BIO-CGE), Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyArcheoLaBio—Research Centre for Bioarchaeology, Department of History and Culture, University of Bologna, Ravenna, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, ItalyUnit for Conservation Genetics (BIO-CGE), Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, ItalyLaboratories of Physical Anthropology and Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, ItalyBackground The contemporary Italian wolf (Canis lupus italicus) represents a case of morphological and genetic uniqueness. Today, Italian wolves are also the only documented population to fall exclusively within the mitochondrial haplogroup 2, which was the most diffused across Eurasian and North American wolves during the Late Pleistocene. However, the dynamics leading to such distinctiveness are still debated. Methods In order to shed light on the ancient genetic variability of this wolf population and on the origin of its current diversity, we collected 19 Late Pleistocene-Holocene samples from northern Italy, which we analyzed at a short portion of the hypervariable region 1 of the mitochondrial DNA, highly informative for wolf and dog phylogenetic analyses. Results Four out of the six detected haplotypes matched the ones found in ancient wolves from northern Europe and Beringia, or in modern European and Chinese wolves, and appeared closely related to the two haplotypes currently found in Italian wolves. The haplotype of two Late Pleistocene samples matched with primitive and contemporary dog sequences from the canine mitochondrial clade A. All these haplotypes belonged to haplogroup 2. The only exception was a Holocene sample dated 3,250 years ago, affiliated to haplogroup 1. Discussion In this study we describe the genetic variability of the most ancient wolf specimens from Italy analyzed so far, providing a preliminary overview of the genetic make-up of the population that inhabited this area from the last glacial maximum to the Middle Age period. Our results endorsed that the genetic diversity carried by the Pleistocene wolves here analyzed showed a strong continuity with other northern Eurasian wolf specimens from the same chronological period. Contrarily, the Holocene samples showed a greater similarity only with modern sequences from Europe and Asia, and the occurrence of an haplogroup 1 haplotype allowed to date back previous finding about its presence in this area. Moreover, the unexpected discovery of a 24,700-year-old sample carrying a haplotype that, from the fragment here obtained, falls within the canine clade A, could represent the oldest evidence in Europe of such dog-rich clade. All these findings suggest complex population dynamics that deserve to be further investigated based on mitochondrial or whole genome sequencing.https://peerj.com/articles/6424.pdfmtDNAAncient DNAHVR1 variabilityCanis lupusWolfItalian wolf |
| spellingShingle | Marta Maria Ciucani Davide Palumbo Marco Galaverni Patrizia Serventi Elena Fabbri Gloria Ravegnini Sabrina Angelini Elena Maini Davide Persico Romolo Caniglia Elisabetta Cilli Old wild wolves: ancient DNA survey unveils population dynamics in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Italian remains PeerJ mtDNA Ancient DNA HVR1 variability Canis lupus Wolf Italian wolf |
| title | Old wild wolves: ancient DNA survey unveils population dynamics in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Italian remains |
| title_full | Old wild wolves: ancient DNA survey unveils population dynamics in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Italian remains |
| title_fullStr | Old wild wolves: ancient DNA survey unveils population dynamics in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Italian remains |
| title_full_unstemmed | Old wild wolves: ancient DNA survey unveils population dynamics in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Italian remains |
| title_short | Old wild wolves: ancient DNA survey unveils population dynamics in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Italian remains |
| title_sort | old wild wolves ancient dna survey unveils population dynamics in late pleistocene and holocene italian remains |
| topic | mtDNA Ancient DNA HVR1 variability Canis lupus Wolf Italian wolf |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/6424.pdf |
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