First report on the enzymatic and immune response of Metarhizium majus bag formulated conidia against Spodoptera frugiperda: An ecofriendly microbial insecticide
Entomopathogenic fungi from microbial sources are a powerful tool for combating insecticide resistance in insect pests. The purpose of the current study was to isolate, identify, and evaluate bag-formulated entomopathogenic fungal conidial virulence against insect pests. We further investigated the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1104079/full |
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| author | Vivekanandhan Perumal Vivekanandhan Perumal Swathy Kannan Lucy Alford Sarayut Pittarate Ruchika Geedi Dilipan Elangovan Ramachandran Marimuthu Patcharin Krutmuang Patcharin Krutmuang |
| author_facet | Vivekanandhan Perumal Vivekanandhan Perumal Swathy Kannan Lucy Alford Sarayut Pittarate Ruchika Geedi Dilipan Elangovan Ramachandran Marimuthu Patcharin Krutmuang Patcharin Krutmuang |
| author_sort | Vivekanandhan Perumal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Entomopathogenic fungi from microbial sources are a powerful tool for combating insecticide resistance in insect pests. The purpose of the current study was to isolate, identify, and evaluate bag-formulated entomopathogenic fungal conidial virulence against insect pests. We further investigated the enzymatic responses induced by the entomopathogenic fungi as well as the effect on a non-target species. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from the Palamalai Hills, India, using the insect bait method, and the Metarhizium majus (MK418990.1) entomopathogen was identified using biotechnological techniques (genomic DNA isolation and 18S rDNA amplification). Bag-formulated fungal conidial efficacy (2.5 × 103, 2.5 × 104, 2.5 × 105, 2.5 × 106, and 2.5 × 107 conidia/ml) was evaluated against third instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda at 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of treatment, and acid and alkaline phosphatases, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymatic responses were evaluated at 3 days post-treatment. After 12 days of treatment, non-target assays on the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae were performed using an artificial soil assay. Results of the bag formulated fungal conidial treatment showed that S. frugiperda had high susceptibility rates at higher concentrations (2.5 × 107 conidia/ml) of M. majus. Lower concentration of 2.5 × 103 conidia/ml caused 68.6% mortality, while 2.5 × 107 conidia/ml caused 100% mortality at 9 days post treatment. Investigation into enzymatic responses revealed that at 3 days post M. majus conidia exposure (2.5 × 103 conidia/ml), insect enzyme levels had significantly changed, with acid and alkaline phosphatases, and catalase enzymes significantly reduced and superoxide dismutase enzymes significantly raised relative to the control. After 12 days of treatment, no sublethal effects of M. majus conidia were observed on E. eugeniae, with no observed damage to gut tissues including lumen and epithelial cells, the nucleus, setae, coelom, mitochondria, and muscles. This study offers support for the use of fungal conidia in the target-specific control of insect pests. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T06:17:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-47529b002bc64059814159ab91043489 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T06:17:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-47529b002bc64059814159ab910434892023-03-02T06:42:52ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2023-03-011410.3389/fmicb.2023.11040791104079First report on the enzymatic and immune response of Metarhizium majus bag formulated conidia against Spodoptera frugiperda: An ecofriendly microbial insecticideVivekanandhan Perumal0Vivekanandhan Perumal1Swathy Kannan2Lucy Alford3Sarayut Pittarate4Ruchika Geedi5Dilipan Elangovan6Ramachandran Marimuthu7Patcharin Krutmuang8Patcharin Krutmuang9Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United KingdomDepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandGeedi-Horticultural Insects Research Laboratory, USDA- Agricultural Research Services, Wooster, OH, United StatesDepartment of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandInnovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandEntomopathogenic fungi from microbial sources are a powerful tool for combating insecticide resistance in insect pests. The purpose of the current study was to isolate, identify, and evaluate bag-formulated entomopathogenic fungal conidial virulence against insect pests. We further investigated the enzymatic responses induced by the entomopathogenic fungi as well as the effect on a non-target species. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from the Palamalai Hills, India, using the insect bait method, and the Metarhizium majus (MK418990.1) entomopathogen was identified using biotechnological techniques (genomic DNA isolation and 18S rDNA amplification). Bag-formulated fungal conidial efficacy (2.5 × 103, 2.5 × 104, 2.5 × 105, 2.5 × 106, and 2.5 × 107 conidia/ml) was evaluated against third instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda at 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of treatment, and acid and alkaline phosphatases, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymatic responses were evaluated at 3 days post-treatment. After 12 days of treatment, non-target assays on the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae were performed using an artificial soil assay. Results of the bag formulated fungal conidial treatment showed that S. frugiperda had high susceptibility rates at higher concentrations (2.5 × 107 conidia/ml) of M. majus. Lower concentration of 2.5 × 103 conidia/ml caused 68.6% mortality, while 2.5 × 107 conidia/ml caused 100% mortality at 9 days post treatment. Investigation into enzymatic responses revealed that at 3 days post M. majus conidia exposure (2.5 × 103 conidia/ml), insect enzyme levels had significantly changed, with acid and alkaline phosphatases, and catalase enzymes significantly reduced and superoxide dismutase enzymes significantly raised relative to the control. After 12 days of treatment, no sublethal effects of M. majus conidia were observed on E. eugeniae, with no observed damage to gut tissues including lumen and epithelial cells, the nucleus, setae, coelom, mitochondria, and muscles. This study offers support for the use of fungal conidia in the target-specific control of insect pests.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1104079/fullMetarhizium majusSpodoptera frugiperdaEudrilus eugeniaeantioxidant enzymemicrobial insecticidenatural insecticide |
| spellingShingle | Vivekanandhan Perumal Vivekanandhan Perumal Swathy Kannan Lucy Alford Sarayut Pittarate Ruchika Geedi Dilipan Elangovan Ramachandran Marimuthu Patcharin Krutmuang Patcharin Krutmuang First report on the enzymatic and immune response of Metarhizium majus bag formulated conidia against Spodoptera frugiperda: An ecofriendly microbial insecticide Frontiers in Microbiology Metarhizium majus Spodoptera frugiperda Eudrilus eugeniae antioxidant enzyme microbial insecticide natural insecticide |
| title | First report on the enzymatic and immune response of Metarhizium majus bag formulated conidia against Spodoptera frugiperda: An ecofriendly microbial insecticide |
| title_full | First report on the enzymatic and immune response of Metarhizium majus bag formulated conidia against Spodoptera frugiperda: An ecofriendly microbial insecticide |
| title_fullStr | First report on the enzymatic and immune response of Metarhizium majus bag formulated conidia against Spodoptera frugiperda: An ecofriendly microbial insecticide |
| title_full_unstemmed | First report on the enzymatic and immune response of Metarhizium majus bag formulated conidia against Spodoptera frugiperda: An ecofriendly microbial insecticide |
| title_short | First report on the enzymatic and immune response of Metarhizium majus bag formulated conidia against Spodoptera frugiperda: An ecofriendly microbial insecticide |
| title_sort | first report on the enzymatic and immune response of metarhizium majus bag formulated conidia against spodoptera frugiperda an ecofriendly microbial insecticide |
| topic | Metarhizium majus Spodoptera frugiperda Eudrilus eugeniae antioxidant enzyme microbial insecticide natural insecticide |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1104079/full |
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