Detecting the Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides by Using Microscopic Detection Techniques
Increasing antibiotic resistance has shifted researchers’ focus to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as alternatives to antibiotics. AMPs are small, positively charged, amphipathic peptides with secondary helical structures. They have the ability to disrupt the bacterial membrane and create wedges due t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/18/2809 |
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| author | Muhammad Zohaib Aslam Shumaila Firdos Zhousi Li Xiang Wang Yangtai Liu Xiaojie Qin Shuo Yang Yue Ma Xuejuan Xia Bolin Zhang Qingli Dong |
| author_facet | Muhammad Zohaib Aslam Shumaila Firdos Zhousi Li Xiang Wang Yangtai Liu Xiaojie Qin Shuo Yang Yue Ma Xuejuan Xia Bolin Zhang Qingli Dong |
| author_sort | Muhammad Zohaib Aslam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Increasing antibiotic resistance has shifted researchers’ focus to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as alternatives to antibiotics. AMPs are small, positively charged, amphipathic peptides with secondary helical structures. They have the ability to disrupt the bacterial membrane and create wedges due to electrostatic differences. Water molecules enter the pathogens through those wedges and disrupt their normal cellular functioning, eventually causing the death of the pathogens. Keeping in mind the importance of AMPs, this review compiles recent data and is divided into three parts. The first part explains the AMP structure and properties, the second part comprises the spectroscopy techniques currently used for evaluating the AMP-bacterial targeting mechanism as well as its structure and safety; and the third part describes the production of AMPs from an animal source (whey protein). Most of the peptides that were used in recent studies have been either the precursors of a natural peptide or synthetic peptides with some modifications, but data on the exploitation of dairy protein are scarce. Among the little-studied milk proteins and peptides, in the last three years, whey protein has been studied the least based on the reported data. Because whey protein is a leftover part of cheese making that often drains out as cheese waste, causing soil and environmental pollution, today, the need of the hour is to produce safe AMPs from whey protein. The use of whey protein that is based on hydrolyzing lactic acid bacteria with some structural modifications can increase AMPs’ potency, stability, and safety, and it can also help to avoid soil and environmental pollution as a result of whey drainage. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:02:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4757b7fb19fe4276a72dd72ef7c3202c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:02:12Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-4757b7fb19fe4276a72dd72ef7c3202c2023-11-23T16:13:33ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582022-09-011118280910.3390/foods11182809Detecting the Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides by Using Microscopic Detection TechniquesMuhammad Zohaib Aslam0Shumaila Firdos1Zhousi Li2Xiang Wang3Yangtai Liu4Xiaojie Qin5Shuo Yang6Yue Ma7Xuejuan Xia8Bolin Zhang9Qingli Dong10School of Health Sciences and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaDera Ghazi Khan Section of Punjab Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, PakistanSchool of Health Sciences and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaSchool of Health Sciences and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaSchool of Health Sciences and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaSchool of Health Sciences and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaSchool of Health Sciences and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaSchool of Health Sciences and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaSchool of Health Sciences and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Health Sciences and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaIncreasing antibiotic resistance has shifted researchers’ focus to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as alternatives to antibiotics. AMPs are small, positively charged, amphipathic peptides with secondary helical structures. They have the ability to disrupt the bacterial membrane and create wedges due to electrostatic differences. Water molecules enter the pathogens through those wedges and disrupt their normal cellular functioning, eventually causing the death of the pathogens. Keeping in mind the importance of AMPs, this review compiles recent data and is divided into three parts. The first part explains the AMP structure and properties, the second part comprises the spectroscopy techniques currently used for evaluating the AMP-bacterial targeting mechanism as well as its structure and safety; and the third part describes the production of AMPs from an animal source (whey protein). Most of the peptides that were used in recent studies have been either the precursors of a natural peptide or synthetic peptides with some modifications, but data on the exploitation of dairy protein are scarce. Among the little-studied milk proteins and peptides, in the last three years, whey protein has been studied the least based on the reported data. Because whey protein is a leftover part of cheese making that often drains out as cheese waste, causing soil and environmental pollution, today, the need of the hour is to produce safe AMPs from whey protein. The use of whey protein that is based on hydrolyzing lactic acid bacteria with some structural modifications can increase AMPs’ potency, stability, and safety, and it can also help to avoid soil and environmental pollution as a result of whey drainage.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/18/2809antimicrobial peptideswhey proteinpathogenic bacteriamicroscopic techniquesrecent developments |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Zohaib Aslam Shumaila Firdos Zhousi Li Xiang Wang Yangtai Liu Xiaojie Qin Shuo Yang Yue Ma Xuejuan Xia Bolin Zhang Qingli Dong Detecting the Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides by Using Microscopic Detection Techniques Foods antimicrobial peptides whey protein pathogenic bacteria microscopic techniques recent developments |
| title | Detecting the Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides by Using Microscopic Detection Techniques |
| title_full | Detecting the Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides by Using Microscopic Detection Techniques |
| title_fullStr | Detecting the Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides by Using Microscopic Detection Techniques |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detecting the Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides by Using Microscopic Detection Techniques |
| title_short | Detecting the Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides by Using Microscopic Detection Techniques |
| title_sort | detecting the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides by using microscopic detection techniques |
| topic | antimicrobial peptides whey protein pathogenic bacteria microscopic techniques recent developments |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/18/2809 |
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