Early Spectroscopy and Dense Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2023ixf
We present the optical spectroscopic evolution of SN 2023ixf seen in subnight cadence spectra from 1.18 to 15 days after explosion. We identify high-ionization emission features, signatures of interaction with material surrounding the progenitor star, that fade over the first 7 days, with rapid evol...
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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Series: | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acf9a4 |
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author | K. Azalee Bostroem Jeniveve Pearson Manisha Shrestha David J. Sand Stefano Valenti Saurabh W. Jha Jennifer E. Andrews Nathan Smith Giacomo Terreran Elizabeth Green Yize Dong Michael Lundquist Joshua Haislip Emily T. Hoang Griffin Hosseinzadeh Daryl Janzen Jacob E. Jencson Vladimir Kouprianov Emmy Paraskeva Nicolas E. Meza Retamal Daniel E. Reichart Iair Arcavi Alceste Z. Bonanos Michael W. Coughlin Ross Dobson Joseph Farah Lluís Galbany Claudia Gutiérrez Suzanne Hawley Leslie Hebb Daichi Hiramatsu D. Andrew Howell Takashi Iijima Ilya Ilyin Kiran Jhass Curtis McCully Sean Moran Brett M. Morris Alessandra C. Mura Tomás E. Müller-Bravo James Munday Megan Newsome Maria Th. Pabst Paolo Ochner Estefania Padilla Gonzalez Andrea Pastorello Craig Pellegrino Lara Piscarreta Aravind P. Ravi Andrea Reguitti Laura Salo József Vinkó Kellie de Vos J. C. Wheeler G. Grant Williams Samuel Wyatt |
author_facet | K. Azalee Bostroem Jeniveve Pearson Manisha Shrestha David J. Sand Stefano Valenti Saurabh W. Jha Jennifer E. Andrews Nathan Smith Giacomo Terreran Elizabeth Green Yize Dong Michael Lundquist Joshua Haislip Emily T. Hoang Griffin Hosseinzadeh Daryl Janzen Jacob E. Jencson Vladimir Kouprianov Emmy Paraskeva Nicolas E. Meza Retamal Daniel E. Reichart Iair Arcavi Alceste Z. Bonanos Michael W. Coughlin Ross Dobson Joseph Farah Lluís Galbany Claudia Gutiérrez Suzanne Hawley Leslie Hebb Daichi Hiramatsu D. Andrew Howell Takashi Iijima Ilya Ilyin Kiran Jhass Curtis McCully Sean Moran Brett M. Morris Alessandra C. Mura Tomás E. Müller-Bravo James Munday Megan Newsome Maria Th. Pabst Paolo Ochner Estefania Padilla Gonzalez Andrea Pastorello Craig Pellegrino Lara Piscarreta Aravind P. Ravi Andrea Reguitti Laura Salo József Vinkó Kellie de Vos J. C. Wheeler G. Grant Williams Samuel Wyatt |
author_sort | K. Azalee Bostroem |
collection | DOAJ |
description | We present the optical spectroscopic evolution of SN 2023ixf seen in subnight cadence spectra from 1.18 to 15 days after explosion. We identify high-ionization emission features, signatures of interaction with material surrounding the progenitor star, that fade over the first 7 days, with rapid evolution between spectra observed within the same night. We compare the emission lines present and their relative strength to those of other supernovae with early interaction, finding a close match to SN 2020pni and SN 2017ahn in the first spectrum and SN 2014G at later epochs. To physically interpret our observations, we compare them to CMFGEN models with confined, dense circumstellar material around a red supergiant (RSG) progenitor from the literature. We find that very few models reproduce the blended N iii ( λλ 4634.0,4640.6)/C iii ( λλ 4647.5,4650.0) emission lines observed in the first few spectra and their rapid disappearance thereafter, making this a unique diagnostic. From the best models, we find a mass-loss rate of 10 ^−3 –10 ^−2 M _⊙ yr ^−1 , which far exceeds the mass-loss rate for any steady wind, especially for an RSG in the initial mass range of the detected progenitor. These mass-loss rates are, however, similar to rates inferred for other supernovae with early circumstellar interaction. Using the phase when the narrow emission features disappear, we calculate an outer dense radius of circumstellar material R _CSM,out ≈ 5 × 10 ^14 cm, and a mean circumstellar material density of ρ = 5.6 × 10 ^−14 g cm ^−3 . This is consistent with the lower limit on the outer radius of the circumstellar material we calculate from the peak H α emission flux, R _CSM,out ≳ 9 × 10 ^13 cm. |
first_indexed | 2024-03-11T19:41:19Z |
format | Article |
id | doaj.art-4770225259c04e39bbbf9c2988c9bbb1 |
institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 2041-8205 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-11T19:41:19Z |
publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
publisher | IOP Publishing |
record_format | Article |
series | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
spelling | doaj.art-4770225259c04e39bbbf9c2988c9bbb12023-10-06T09:02:21ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052023-01-019561L510.3847/2041-8213/acf9a4Early Spectroscopy and Dense Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2023ixfK. Azalee Bostroem0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4924-444XJeniveve Pearson1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0744-0047Manisha Shrestha2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4022-1874David J. Sand3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4102-380XStefano Valenti4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-0795Saurabh W. Jha5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8738-6011Jennifer E. Andrews6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0123-0062Nathan Smith7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5510-2424Giacomo Terreran8https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0794-5982Elizabeth Green9Yize Dong10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7937-6371Michael Lundquist11https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9589-3793Joshua Haislip12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6703-805XEmily T. Hoang13https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2744-4755Griffin Hosseinzadeh14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0832-2974Daryl Janzen15https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0549-3281Jacob E. Jencson16https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-4007Vladimir Kouprianov17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3642-5484Emmy Paraskeva18https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2814-4383Nicolas E. Meza Retamal19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7015-3446Daniel E. Reichart20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3673Iair Arcavi21https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7090-4898Alceste Z. Bonanos22https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2851-1905Michael W. Coughlin23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8262-2924Ross Dobson24Joseph Farah25https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4914-5625Lluís Galbany26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1296-6887Claudia Gutiérrez27https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2375-2064Suzanne Hawley28https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6629-4182Leslie Hebb29https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1263-8637Daichi Hiramatsu30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-9187D. Andrew Howell31https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4253-656XTakashi Iijima32Ilya Ilyin33https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0551-046XKiran Jhass34Curtis McCully35https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5807-7893Sean Moran36https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9194-5071Brett M. Morris37https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2528-3409Alessandra C. Mura38https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5174-7765Tomás E. Müller-Bravo39https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3939-7167James Munday40Megan Newsome41https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9570-0584Maria Th. Pabst42https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1807-3053Paolo Ochner43https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5578-8614Estefania Padilla Gonzalez44https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0209-9246Andrea Pastorello45https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7259-4624Craig Pellegrino46https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7472-1279Lara Piscarreta47https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4637-4085Aravind P. Ravi48https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7352-7845Andrea Reguitti49https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4254-2724Laura Salo50https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5473-6871József Vinkó51https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8764-7832Kellie de Vos52J. C. Wheeler53https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1349-6538G. Grant Williams54https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3452-0560Samuel Wyatt55https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-4956Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; bostroem@arizona.eduSteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; bostroem@arizona.eduSteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; bostroem@arizona.eduSteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; bostroem@arizona.eduDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019, USAGemini Observatory , 670 North A‘ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720-2700, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; bostroem@arizona.eduLas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; bostroem@arizona.eduDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USAW.M. Keck Observatory , 65-1120 Māmalahoa Highway, Kamuela, HI 96743-8431, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina , 120 East Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; bostroem@arizona.eduDepartment of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan , 116 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, CanadaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina , 120 East Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina , 120 East Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USASchool of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, IsraelIAASARS, National Observatory of Athens , Penteli 15236, GreeceSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota , 116 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK; Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes , Apt. de Correos 368, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, SpainLas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USAInstitute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya , Gran Capità, 2-4, Edifici Nexus, Desp. 201, E-08034 Barcelona, SpainInstitute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya , Gran Capità, 2-4, Edifici Nexus, Desp. 201, E-08034 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Astronomy, University of Washington , 3910 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195-0002, USAPhysics Department, Hobart and William Smith Colleges , 300 Pulteney Street, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , 245 East Avenue, Ithaca, NY 14850, USACenter for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA; The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions , MA, USALas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USAINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, ItalyLeibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP) , An der Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, GermanyIsaac Newton Group of Telescopes , Apt. de Correos 368, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Spain; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH, UKLas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USACenter for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218-2410, USAPhysics and Astronomy Department Galileo Galilei, University of Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122, Padova, ItalyInstitute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya , Gran Capità, 2-4, Edifici Nexus, Desp. 201, E-08034 Barcelona, SpainIsaac Newton Group of Telescopes , Apt. de Correos 368, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Spain; Department of Physics, Gibbet Hill Road, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, UKLas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USAPhysics and Astronomy Department Galileo Galilei, University of Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122, Padova, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy; Physics and Astronomy Department Galileo Galilei, University of Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122, Padova, ItalyLas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USAINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, ItalyLas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USAInstitute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington , Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USAINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807, Merate (LC), ItalySchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota , 116 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAUniversity of Texas at Austin , 1 University Station C1400, Austin, TX 78712-0259, USA; Konkoly Observatory, CSFK, MTA Center of Excellence , Konkoly-Thege M. út 15-17, Budapest, 1121, Hungary; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary; Department of Experimental Physics, University of Szeged , Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, HungaryIsaac Newton Group of Telescopes , Apt. de Correos 368, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Spain; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UKUniversity of Texas at Austin , 1 University Station C1400, Austin, TX 78712-0259, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; bostroem@arizona.edu; MMT and Steward Observatories, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Washington , 3910 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195-0002, USAWe present the optical spectroscopic evolution of SN 2023ixf seen in subnight cadence spectra from 1.18 to 15 days after explosion. We identify high-ionization emission features, signatures of interaction with material surrounding the progenitor star, that fade over the first 7 days, with rapid evolution between spectra observed within the same night. We compare the emission lines present and their relative strength to those of other supernovae with early interaction, finding a close match to SN 2020pni and SN 2017ahn in the first spectrum and SN 2014G at later epochs. To physically interpret our observations, we compare them to CMFGEN models with confined, dense circumstellar material around a red supergiant (RSG) progenitor from the literature. We find that very few models reproduce the blended N iii ( λλ 4634.0,4640.6)/C iii ( λλ 4647.5,4650.0) emission lines observed in the first few spectra and their rapid disappearance thereafter, making this a unique diagnostic. From the best models, we find a mass-loss rate of 10 ^−3 –10 ^−2 M _⊙ yr ^−1 , which far exceeds the mass-loss rate for any steady wind, especially for an RSG in the initial mass range of the detected progenitor. These mass-loss rates are, however, similar to rates inferred for other supernovae with early circumstellar interaction. Using the phase when the narrow emission features disappear, we calculate an outer dense radius of circumstellar material R _CSM,out ≈ 5 × 10 ^14 cm, and a mean circumstellar material density of ρ = 5.6 × 10 ^−14 g cm ^−3 . This is consistent with the lower limit on the outer radius of the circumstellar material we calculate from the peak H α emission flux, R _CSM,out ≳ 9 × 10 ^13 cm.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acf9a4Core-collapse supernovaeType II supernovaeCircumstellar matterStellar mass lossRed supergiant stars |
spellingShingle | K. Azalee Bostroem Jeniveve Pearson Manisha Shrestha David J. Sand Stefano Valenti Saurabh W. Jha Jennifer E. Andrews Nathan Smith Giacomo Terreran Elizabeth Green Yize Dong Michael Lundquist Joshua Haislip Emily T. Hoang Griffin Hosseinzadeh Daryl Janzen Jacob E. Jencson Vladimir Kouprianov Emmy Paraskeva Nicolas E. Meza Retamal Daniel E. Reichart Iair Arcavi Alceste Z. Bonanos Michael W. Coughlin Ross Dobson Joseph Farah Lluís Galbany Claudia Gutiérrez Suzanne Hawley Leslie Hebb Daichi Hiramatsu D. Andrew Howell Takashi Iijima Ilya Ilyin Kiran Jhass Curtis McCully Sean Moran Brett M. Morris Alessandra C. Mura Tomás E. Müller-Bravo James Munday Megan Newsome Maria Th. Pabst Paolo Ochner Estefania Padilla Gonzalez Andrea Pastorello Craig Pellegrino Lara Piscarreta Aravind P. Ravi Andrea Reguitti Laura Salo József Vinkó Kellie de Vos J. C. Wheeler G. Grant Williams Samuel Wyatt Early Spectroscopy and Dense Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2023ixf The Astrophysical Journal Letters Core-collapse supernovae Type II supernovae Circumstellar matter Stellar mass loss Red supergiant stars |
title | Early Spectroscopy and Dense Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2023ixf |
title_full | Early Spectroscopy and Dense Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2023ixf |
title_fullStr | Early Spectroscopy and Dense Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2023ixf |
title_full_unstemmed | Early Spectroscopy and Dense Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2023ixf |
title_short | Early Spectroscopy and Dense Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2023ixf |
title_sort | early spectroscopy and dense circumstellar medium interaction in sn 2023ixf |
topic | Core-collapse supernovae Type II supernovae Circumstellar matter Stellar mass loss Red supergiant stars |
url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acf9a4 |
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