Occurrence of fungal microbial contamination in drinking water of megacity of Karachi (Pakistan) and their physico-chemical control
The water quality in Karachi (Pakistan) is uncertain due to the occurrence of fungi and other microorganisms. A total of twenty-five water samples were collected from public places, educational institutes, hospitals, water supply systems and surface water of the canal of Karachi (Pakistan). The diff...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-04-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024049570 |
| _version_ | 1797230518670983168 |
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| author | Faisal Hussain Iram-us Salam Farzana Zaibun-nisa Memon Muhammad Abdullah Ghulam Abbas Muhammad Akbar Alamdar Hussain Muhammad Majeed Kishwar Ali Haruna Musa Moda |
| author_facet | Faisal Hussain Iram-us Salam Farzana Zaibun-nisa Memon Muhammad Abdullah Ghulam Abbas Muhammad Akbar Alamdar Hussain Muhammad Majeed Kishwar Ali Haruna Musa Moda |
| author_sort | Faisal Hussain |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The water quality in Karachi (Pakistan) is uncertain due to the occurrence of fungi and other microorganisms. A total of twenty-five water samples were collected from public places, educational institutes, hospitals, water supply systems and surface water of the canal of Karachi (Pakistan). The different fungal species including Acremonium sp., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. sulphureus, Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Clonostachys (Gliocladium) sp., Macrophomina phaseolina, Mucor racemosus, Paecilomyces sp. Penicillium chrysogenum, P. citrinum, P. commune, P. expansum, Rhizoctonia sp. and Stachybotrys sp. were isolated from these drinking water samples. However, the bacteria, microalgae and some other microorganisms were present in low concentrations. The reason for fungi infection and production of mycotoxicity depends upon various factors and the availability of their nutrients in filtration plants. The major threats to human health are fungal mycotoxicity which is responsible for carcinogenic and other lethal diseases. Mostly, the genus Aspergillus was dominated and isolated with a maximum of 88–98% of occurrence in the different samples of drinking water by the direct plate-spread method. For the control of fungi, various Physico-chemical coagulation treatments were used, but Potassium alum, clay pot, and hot water treatment disinfected effectively 69–70% removal of the fungi and its spore or mycelia from the water. In addition, it is concluded that drinking water purifications such as chlorination, filtration and lime did not eliminate thermophilic fungal spores or mycelia including Penicillium, Paecilomyces and Mucor from the water. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T15:29:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4770fb6422924fb0aba9592375c16a9c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T15:29:46Z |
| publishDate | 2024-04-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-4770fb6422924fb0aba9592375c16a9c2024-04-02T04:15:23ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-04-01107e28926Occurrence of fungal microbial contamination in drinking water of megacity of Karachi (Pakistan) and their physico-chemical controlFaisal Hussain0Iram-us Salam1 Farzana2Zaibun-nisa Memon3Muhammad Abdullah4Ghulam Abbas5Muhammad Akbar6Alamdar Hussain7Muhammad Majeed8Kishwar Ali9Haruna Musa Moda10Department of Botany, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, 32200, Pakistan; Corresponding authorDepartment of Botany, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, 32200, Pakistan.Department of Botany, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology, Karachi, PakistanDepartment of Botany, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology, Karachi, PakistanDepartment of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Mirs Sindh, PakistanBiodiversity Park, Director Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies (CIDS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, PakistanDepartment of Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Dera Ismail Khan-29111, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Baltistan, Skardu, PakistanDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Baltistan, Skardu, PakistanDepartment of Botany, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, 50700, PakistanCollege of General Education, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Al Tarafa, Jelaiah Street, Duhail North, PO Box 24449, Doha, QatarSenior Lecturer Occupational Safety Health and Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building, Manchester, M15 6BH, United Kingdom; Corresponding author.The water quality in Karachi (Pakistan) is uncertain due to the occurrence of fungi and other microorganisms. A total of twenty-five water samples were collected from public places, educational institutes, hospitals, water supply systems and surface water of the canal of Karachi (Pakistan). The different fungal species including Acremonium sp., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. sulphureus, Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Clonostachys (Gliocladium) sp., Macrophomina phaseolina, Mucor racemosus, Paecilomyces sp. Penicillium chrysogenum, P. citrinum, P. commune, P. expansum, Rhizoctonia sp. and Stachybotrys sp. were isolated from these drinking water samples. However, the bacteria, microalgae and some other microorganisms were present in low concentrations. The reason for fungi infection and production of mycotoxicity depends upon various factors and the availability of their nutrients in filtration plants. The major threats to human health are fungal mycotoxicity which is responsible for carcinogenic and other lethal diseases. Mostly, the genus Aspergillus was dominated and isolated with a maximum of 88–98% of occurrence in the different samples of drinking water by the direct plate-spread method. For the control of fungi, various Physico-chemical coagulation treatments were used, but Potassium alum, clay pot, and hot water treatment disinfected effectively 69–70% removal of the fungi and its spore or mycelia from the water. In addition, it is concluded that drinking water purifications such as chlorination, filtration and lime did not eliminate thermophilic fungal spores or mycelia including Penicillium, Paecilomyces and Mucor from the water.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024049570FungiMycotoxicityWater systemMycodiversity |
| spellingShingle | Faisal Hussain Iram-us Salam Farzana Zaibun-nisa Memon Muhammad Abdullah Ghulam Abbas Muhammad Akbar Alamdar Hussain Muhammad Majeed Kishwar Ali Haruna Musa Moda Occurrence of fungal microbial contamination in drinking water of megacity of Karachi (Pakistan) and their physico-chemical control Heliyon Fungi Mycotoxicity Water system Mycodiversity |
| title | Occurrence of fungal microbial contamination in drinking water of megacity of Karachi (Pakistan) and their physico-chemical control |
| title_full | Occurrence of fungal microbial contamination in drinking water of megacity of Karachi (Pakistan) and their physico-chemical control |
| title_fullStr | Occurrence of fungal microbial contamination in drinking water of megacity of Karachi (Pakistan) and their physico-chemical control |
| title_full_unstemmed | Occurrence of fungal microbial contamination in drinking water of megacity of Karachi (Pakistan) and their physico-chemical control |
| title_short | Occurrence of fungal microbial contamination in drinking water of megacity of Karachi (Pakistan) and their physico-chemical control |
| title_sort | occurrence of fungal microbial contamination in drinking water of megacity of karachi pakistan and their physico chemical control |
| topic | Fungi Mycotoxicity Water system Mycodiversity |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024049570 |
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