The global response: How cities and provinces around the globe tackled Covid-19 outbreaks in 2021
Summary: Background: Tackling the spread of COVID-19 remains a crucial part of ending the pandemic. Its highly contagious nature and constant evolution coupled with a relative lack of immunity make the virus difficult to control. For this, various strategies have been proposed and adopted including...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2022-09-01
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| Series: | The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772368222000361 |
| _version_ | 1811214581750562816 |
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| author | Nityanand Jain I-Chun Hung Hitomi Kimura Yi Lin Goh William Jau Khoa Le Anh Huynh Deepkanwar Singh Panag Ranjit Tiwari Sakshi Prasad Emery Manirambona Tamilarasy Vasanthakumaran Tan Weiling Amanda Ho-Wei Lin Nikhil Vig Nguyen Thanh An Emmanuel Uwiringiyimana Darja Popkova Ting-Han Lin Minh Anh Nguyen Shivani Jain Tungki Pratama Umar Mohamed Hoosen Suleman Elnur Efendi Chuan-Ying Kuo Sikander Pal Singh Bansal Sofja Kauškale Hui-Hui Peng Mohit Bains Marija Rozevska Thang Huu Tran Meng-Shan Tsai Pahulpreet Suvinai Jiraboonsri Ruo-Zhu Tai Zeeshan Ali Khan Dang Thanh Huy Supitsara Kositbovornchai Ching-Wen Chiu Thi Hien Hau Nguyen Hsueh-Yen Chen Thanawat Khongyot Kai-Yang Chen Dinh Thi Kim Quyen Jennifer Lam Kadek Agus Surya Dila Ngan Thanh Cu My Tam Huynh Thi Le Anh Dung Kim Oanh Nguyen Thi Hoai An Nguyen Thi My Duc Thao Trieu Yen Cao Thi Thien Trang Pham Koya Ariyoshi Chris Smith Nguyen Tien Huy |
| author_facet | Nityanand Jain I-Chun Hung Hitomi Kimura Yi Lin Goh William Jau Khoa Le Anh Huynh Deepkanwar Singh Panag Ranjit Tiwari Sakshi Prasad Emery Manirambona Tamilarasy Vasanthakumaran Tan Weiling Amanda Ho-Wei Lin Nikhil Vig Nguyen Thanh An Emmanuel Uwiringiyimana Darja Popkova Ting-Han Lin Minh Anh Nguyen Shivani Jain Tungki Pratama Umar Mohamed Hoosen Suleman Elnur Efendi Chuan-Ying Kuo Sikander Pal Singh Bansal Sofja Kauškale Hui-Hui Peng Mohit Bains Marija Rozevska Thang Huu Tran Meng-Shan Tsai Pahulpreet Suvinai Jiraboonsri Ruo-Zhu Tai Zeeshan Ali Khan Dang Thanh Huy Supitsara Kositbovornchai Ching-Wen Chiu Thi Hien Hau Nguyen Hsueh-Yen Chen Thanawat Khongyot Kai-Yang Chen Dinh Thi Kim Quyen Jennifer Lam Kadek Agus Surya Dila Ngan Thanh Cu My Tam Huynh Thi Le Anh Dung Kim Oanh Nguyen Thi Hoai An Nguyen Thi My Duc Thao Trieu Yen Cao Thi Thien Trang Pham Koya Ariyoshi Chris Smith Nguyen Tien Huy |
| author_sort | Nityanand Jain |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Summary: Background: Tackling the spread of COVID-19 remains a crucial part of ending the pandemic. Its highly contagious nature and constant evolution coupled with a relative lack of immunity make the virus difficult to control. For this, various strategies have been proposed and adopted including limiting contact, social isolation, vaccination, contact tracing, etc. However, given the heterogeneity in the enforcement of these strategies and constant fluctuations in the strictness levels of these strategies, it becomes challenging to assess the true impact of these strategies in controlling the spread of COVID-19. Methods: In the present study, we evaluated various transmission control measures that were imposed in 10 global urban cities and provinces in 2021– Bangkok, Gauteng, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, London, Manila City, New Delhi, New York City, Singapore, and Tokyo. Findings: Based on our analysis, we herein propose the population-level Swiss cheese model for the failures and pitfalls in various strategies that each of these cities and provinces had. Furthermore, whilst all the evaluated cities and provinces took a different personalized approach to managing the pandemic, what remained common was dynamic enforcement and monitoring of breaches of each barrier of protection. The measures taken to reinforce the barriers were adjusted continuously based on the evolving epidemiological situation. Interpretation: How an individual city or province handled the pandemic profoundly affected and determined how the entire country handled the pandemic since the chain of transmission needs to be broken at the very grassroot level to achieve nationwide control. Funding: The present study did not receive any external funding. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T06:07:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-47ab218dbc274e23a790556e74859398 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2772-3682 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T06:07:08Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia |
| spelling | doaj.art-47ab218dbc274e23a790556e748593982022-12-22T03:44:49ZengElsevierThe Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia2772-36822022-09-014100031The global response: How cities and provinces around the globe tackled Covid-19 outbreaks in 2021Nityanand Jain0I-Chun Hung1Hitomi Kimura2Yi Lin Goh3William Jau4Khoa Le Anh Huynh5Deepkanwar Singh Panag6Ranjit Tiwari7Sakshi Prasad8Emery Manirambona9Tamilarasy Vasanthakumaran10Tan Weiling Amanda11Ho-Wei Lin12Nikhil Vig13Nguyen Thanh An14Emmanuel Uwiringiyimana15Darja Popkova16Ting-Han Lin17Minh Anh Nguyen18Shivani Jain19Tungki Pratama Umar20Mohamed Hoosen Suleman21Elnur Efendi22Chuan-Ying Kuo23Sikander Pal Singh Bansal24Sofja Kauškale25Hui-Hui Peng26Mohit Bains27Marija Rozevska28Thang Huu Tran29Meng-Shan Tsai30 Pahulpreet31Suvinai Jiraboonsri32Ruo-Zhu Tai33Zeeshan Ali Khan34Dang Thanh Huy35Supitsara Kositbovornchai36Ching-Wen Chiu37Thi Hien Hau Nguyen38Hsueh-Yen Chen39Thanawat Khongyot40Kai-Yang Chen41Dinh Thi Kim Quyen42Jennifer Lam43Kadek Agus Surya Dila44Ngan Thanh Cu45My Tam Huynh Thi46Le Anh Dung47Kim Oanh Nguyen Thi48Hoai An Nguyen Thi49My Duc Thao Trieu50Yen Cao Thi51Thien Trang Pham52Koya Ariyoshi53Chris Smith54Nguyen Tien Huy55Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema iela, Riga LV-1007, LatviaOnline Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, JapanDepartment of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JapanAlice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, TaiwanDepartment of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Virginia 23224, USAFaculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema iela, Riga LV-1007, LatviaB.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan 56700, NepalNational Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, UkraineCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, RwandaGlobal Scholars Clinical Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USAAlice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, TaiwanFaculty of Dentistry, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Mohali, Punjab, IndiaCollege of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City, VietnamCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, RwandaFaculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema iela, Riga LV-1007, LatviaSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, TaiwanHanoi Medical University/Hanoi University of Public Health, VietnamGenesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Firozpur, Punjab, IndiaFaculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, IndonesiaNelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South AfricaFaculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema iela, Riga LV-1007, LatviaSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, TaiwanFaculty of Dentistry, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Mohali, Punjab, IndiaFaculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema iela, Riga LV-1007, LatviaSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, TaiwanFaculty of Dentistry, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Mohali, Punjab, IndiaFaculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema iela, Riga LV-1007, LatviaUniversity of Medicine and Pharmacy Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, TaiwanFaculty of Dentistry, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Mohali, Punjab, IndiaFaculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, ThailandSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, TaiwanShadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, IndiaInternational University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, JapanFaculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, ThailandSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, TaiwanCollege of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City, VietnamSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, TaiwanSchool of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, ThailandSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, TaiwanUniversity of Medicine and Pharmacy Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamFaculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaGiri Emas Hospital, Singaraja City, 81171 Buleleng, Bali, IndonesiaUniversity of Medicine and Pharmacy Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamSchool of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University of Da Nang, Da Nang City 50000, VietnamCollege of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City, VietnamHue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue City, VietnamHue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue City, VietnamUniversity of Medicine and Pharmacy Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamFaculty of Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot City, VietnamHue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue City, VietnamSchool of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Japan; Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, JapanSchool of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Japan; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London, United KingdomOnline Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Japan; Corresponding author at: School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Japan.Summary: Background: Tackling the spread of COVID-19 remains a crucial part of ending the pandemic. Its highly contagious nature and constant evolution coupled with a relative lack of immunity make the virus difficult to control. For this, various strategies have been proposed and adopted including limiting contact, social isolation, vaccination, contact tracing, etc. However, given the heterogeneity in the enforcement of these strategies and constant fluctuations in the strictness levels of these strategies, it becomes challenging to assess the true impact of these strategies in controlling the spread of COVID-19. Methods: In the present study, we evaluated various transmission control measures that were imposed in 10 global urban cities and provinces in 2021– Bangkok, Gauteng, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, London, Manila City, New Delhi, New York City, Singapore, and Tokyo. Findings: Based on our analysis, we herein propose the population-level Swiss cheese model for the failures and pitfalls in various strategies that each of these cities and provinces had. Furthermore, whilst all the evaluated cities and provinces took a different personalized approach to managing the pandemic, what remained common was dynamic enforcement and monitoring of breaches of each barrier of protection. The measures taken to reinforce the barriers were adjusted continuously based on the evolving epidemiological situation. Interpretation: How an individual city or province handled the pandemic profoundly affected and determined how the entire country handled the pandemic since the chain of transmission needs to be broken at the very grassroot level to achieve nationwide control. Funding: The present study did not receive any external funding.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772368222000361COVID-19Global responseCitiesProvincesDelta variantTesting |
| spellingShingle | Nityanand Jain I-Chun Hung Hitomi Kimura Yi Lin Goh William Jau Khoa Le Anh Huynh Deepkanwar Singh Panag Ranjit Tiwari Sakshi Prasad Emery Manirambona Tamilarasy Vasanthakumaran Tan Weiling Amanda Ho-Wei Lin Nikhil Vig Nguyen Thanh An Emmanuel Uwiringiyimana Darja Popkova Ting-Han Lin Minh Anh Nguyen Shivani Jain Tungki Pratama Umar Mohamed Hoosen Suleman Elnur Efendi Chuan-Ying Kuo Sikander Pal Singh Bansal Sofja Kauškale Hui-Hui Peng Mohit Bains Marija Rozevska Thang Huu Tran Meng-Shan Tsai Pahulpreet Suvinai Jiraboonsri Ruo-Zhu Tai Zeeshan Ali Khan Dang Thanh Huy Supitsara Kositbovornchai Ching-Wen Chiu Thi Hien Hau Nguyen Hsueh-Yen Chen Thanawat Khongyot Kai-Yang Chen Dinh Thi Kim Quyen Jennifer Lam Kadek Agus Surya Dila Ngan Thanh Cu My Tam Huynh Thi Le Anh Dung Kim Oanh Nguyen Thi Hoai An Nguyen Thi My Duc Thao Trieu Yen Cao Thi Thien Trang Pham Koya Ariyoshi Chris Smith Nguyen Tien Huy The global response: How cities and provinces around the globe tackled Covid-19 outbreaks in 2021 The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia COVID-19 Global response Cities Provinces Delta variant Testing |
| title | The global response: How cities and provinces around the globe tackled Covid-19 outbreaks in 2021 |
| title_full | The global response: How cities and provinces around the globe tackled Covid-19 outbreaks in 2021 |
| title_fullStr | The global response: How cities and provinces around the globe tackled Covid-19 outbreaks in 2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | The global response: How cities and provinces around the globe tackled Covid-19 outbreaks in 2021 |
| title_short | The global response: How cities and provinces around the globe tackled Covid-19 outbreaks in 2021 |
| title_sort | global response how cities and provinces around the globe tackled covid 19 outbreaks in 2021 |
| topic | COVID-19 Global response Cities Provinces Delta variant Testing |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772368222000361 |
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