Arousal Regulation by the External Globus Pallidus: A New Node for the Mesocircuit Hypothesis
In the decade since its debut, the Mesocircuit Hypothesis (MH) has provided researchers a scaffolding for interpreting their findings by associating subcortical-cortical dysfunction with the loss and recovery of consciousness following severe brain injury. Here, we leverage new findings from human a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Brain Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/1/146 |
| _version_ | 1797445193232809984 |
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| author | Zhong Sheng Zheng Nicco Reggente Martin M. Monti |
| author_facet | Zhong Sheng Zheng Nicco Reggente Martin M. Monti |
| author_sort | Zhong Sheng Zheng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the decade since its debut, the Mesocircuit Hypothesis (MH) has provided researchers a scaffolding for interpreting their findings by associating subcortical-cortical dysfunction with the loss and recovery of consciousness following severe brain injury. Here, we leverage new findings from human and rodent lesions, as well as chemo/optogenetic, tractography, and stimulation studies to propose the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) as an additional node in the MH, in hopes of increasing its explanatory power. Specifically, we discuss the anatomical and molecular mechanisms involving the GPe in sleep-wake control and propose a plausible mechanistic model explaining how the GPe can modulate cortical activity through its direct connections with the prefrontal cortex and thalamic reticular nucleus to initiate and maintain sleep. The inclusion of the GPe in the arousal circuitry has implications for understanding a range of phenomena, such as the effects of the adenosine (A2A) and dopamine (D2) receptors on sleep-wake cycles, the paradoxical effects of zolpidem in disorders of consciousness, and sleep disturbances in conditions such as Parkinson’s Disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:22:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-47b023cac4e14ecaa7ed52e179777b4f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:22:12Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-47b023cac4e14ecaa7ed52e179777b4f2023-11-30T21:28:18ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252023-01-0113114610.3390/brainsci13010146Arousal Regulation by the External Globus Pallidus: A New Node for the Mesocircuit HypothesisZhong Sheng Zheng0Nicco Reggente1Martin M. Monti2Research Institute, Casa Colina Hospitals and Centers for Healthcare, Pomona, CA 91767, USAInstitute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, CA 90403, USADepartment of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USAIn the decade since its debut, the Mesocircuit Hypothesis (MH) has provided researchers a scaffolding for interpreting their findings by associating subcortical-cortical dysfunction with the loss and recovery of consciousness following severe brain injury. Here, we leverage new findings from human and rodent lesions, as well as chemo/optogenetic, tractography, and stimulation studies to propose the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) as an additional node in the MH, in hopes of increasing its explanatory power. Specifically, we discuss the anatomical and molecular mechanisms involving the GPe in sleep-wake control and propose a plausible mechanistic model explaining how the GPe can modulate cortical activity through its direct connections with the prefrontal cortex and thalamic reticular nucleus to initiate and maintain sleep. The inclusion of the GPe in the arousal circuitry has implications for understanding a range of phenomena, such as the effects of the adenosine (A2A) and dopamine (D2) receptors on sleep-wake cycles, the paradoxical effects of zolpidem in disorders of consciousness, and sleep disturbances in conditions such as Parkinson’s Disease.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/1/146arousalGABAergic neuronsglobus pallidus externamesocircuit hypothesispallido-cortical pathwaysleep |
| spellingShingle | Zhong Sheng Zheng Nicco Reggente Martin M. Monti Arousal Regulation by the External Globus Pallidus: A New Node for the Mesocircuit Hypothesis Brain Sciences arousal GABAergic neurons globus pallidus externa mesocircuit hypothesis pallido-cortical pathway sleep |
| title | Arousal Regulation by the External Globus Pallidus: A New Node for the Mesocircuit Hypothesis |
| title_full | Arousal Regulation by the External Globus Pallidus: A New Node for the Mesocircuit Hypothesis |
| title_fullStr | Arousal Regulation by the External Globus Pallidus: A New Node for the Mesocircuit Hypothesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Arousal Regulation by the External Globus Pallidus: A New Node for the Mesocircuit Hypothesis |
| title_short | Arousal Regulation by the External Globus Pallidus: A New Node for the Mesocircuit Hypothesis |
| title_sort | arousal regulation by the external globus pallidus a new node for the mesocircuit hypothesis |
| topic | arousal GABAergic neurons globus pallidus externa mesocircuit hypothesis pallido-cortical pathway sleep |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/1/146 |
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