Childhood maltreatment, depression and their link to adult economic burdens
BackgroundAdult depression is a common consequence of adverse childhood experiences. There is also a higher likelihood of being affected by economic burdens after having experienced a traumatic event in childhood. As depression has been associated with economic burden, these long-term sequelae of ch...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.908422/full |
| _version_ | 1828758957092503552 |
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| author | Julia Petersen Ann-Christin Schulz Elmar Brähler Elmar Brähler Cedric Sachser Jörg M. Fegert Manfred E. Beutel |
| author_facet | Julia Petersen Ann-Christin Schulz Elmar Brähler Elmar Brähler Cedric Sachser Jörg M. Fegert Manfred E. Beutel |
| author_sort | Julia Petersen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundAdult depression is a common consequence of adverse childhood experiences. There is also a higher likelihood of being affected by economic burdens after having experienced a traumatic event in childhood. As depression has been associated with economic burden, these long-term sequelae of childhood adversity are likely to interact.GoalsWe investigated depression and economic consequences, such as unemployment, lower level of education, lower income as long-term sequelae of adverse childhood experiences in adulthood and their interaction.MethodsChildhood Maltreatment was measured by the German version of the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) questionnaire. Depression was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2). Logistic regressions were applied to investigate the risks of suffering economic burdens, with depression as a moderator.ResultsDepressive symptoms increased with the number of ACEs and were highest in those reporting four or more ACEs, especially amongst those who experienced sexual and emotional abuse, as well as neglect. Moderation analysis showed a significant effect of depression increasing almost all economic burdens. Migration background additionally increased the risk of unemployment and working in a blue-collar job. Female gender decreased the risk of unemployment and working in a blue-collar job, but increased the risk of low income and part-time employment.ConclusionThe moderation effect of depression increased the negative impact of exposure to multiple ACEs on economic life in adulthood. Prevention of ACEs and early intervention are needed to prevent the mental health and economic consequences. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T00:49:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-47b9db741c784e4c9a60cb7208d7fdc9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-0640 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T00:49:57Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj.art-47b9db741c784e4c9a60cb7208d7fdc92022-12-22T01:26:39ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402022-08-011310.3389/fpsyt.2022.908422908422Childhood maltreatment, depression and their link to adult economic burdensJulia Petersen0Ann-Christin Schulz1Elmar Brähler2Elmar Brähler3Cedric Sachser4Jörg M. Fegert5Manfred E. Beutel6Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, GermanyDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, GermanyDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, GermanyDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, GermanyBackgroundAdult depression is a common consequence of adverse childhood experiences. There is also a higher likelihood of being affected by economic burdens after having experienced a traumatic event in childhood. As depression has been associated with economic burden, these long-term sequelae of childhood adversity are likely to interact.GoalsWe investigated depression and economic consequences, such as unemployment, lower level of education, lower income as long-term sequelae of adverse childhood experiences in adulthood and their interaction.MethodsChildhood Maltreatment was measured by the German version of the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) questionnaire. Depression was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2). Logistic regressions were applied to investigate the risks of suffering economic burdens, with depression as a moderator.ResultsDepressive symptoms increased with the number of ACEs and were highest in those reporting four or more ACEs, especially amongst those who experienced sexual and emotional abuse, as well as neglect. Moderation analysis showed a significant effect of depression increasing almost all economic burdens. Migration background additionally increased the risk of unemployment and working in a blue-collar job. Female gender decreased the risk of unemployment and working in a blue-collar job, but increased the risk of low income and part-time employment.ConclusionThe moderation effect of depression increased the negative impact of exposure to multiple ACEs on economic life in adulthood. Prevention of ACEs and early intervention are needed to prevent the mental health and economic consequences.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.908422/fulladverse childhood experiences (ACE)depressioneconomic burdenspovertyunemploymenteducation |
| spellingShingle | Julia Petersen Ann-Christin Schulz Elmar Brähler Elmar Brähler Cedric Sachser Jörg M. Fegert Manfred E. Beutel Childhood maltreatment, depression and their link to adult economic burdens Frontiers in Psychiatry adverse childhood experiences (ACE) depression economic burdens poverty unemployment education |
| title | Childhood maltreatment, depression and their link to adult economic burdens |
| title_full | Childhood maltreatment, depression and their link to adult economic burdens |
| title_fullStr | Childhood maltreatment, depression and their link to adult economic burdens |
| title_full_unstemmed | Childhood maltreatment, depression and their link to adult economic burdens |
| title_short | Childhood maltreatment, depression and their link to adult economic burdens |
| title_sort | childhood maltreatment depression and their link to adult economic burdens |
| topic | adverse childhood experiences (ACE) depression economic burdens poverty unemployment education |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.908422/full |
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