Electrolyzed–Reduced Water: Review I. Molecular Hydrogen Is the Exclusive Agent Responsible for the Therapeutic Effects
Numerous benefits have been attributed to alkaline-electrolyzed–reduced water (ERW). Sometimes these claims are associated with easily debunked concepts. The observed benefits have been conjectured to be due to the intrinsic properties of ERW (e.g., negative oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), alka...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/14750 |
| _version_ | 1797463133859610624 |
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| author | Tyler W. LeBaron Randy Sharpe Kinji Ohno |
| author_facet | Tyler W. LeBaron Randy Sharpe Kinji Ohno |
| author_sort | Tyler W. LeBaron |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Numerous benefits have been attributed to alkaline-electrolyzed–reduced water (ERW). Sometimes these claims are associated with easily debunked concepts. The observed benefits have been conjectured to be due to the intrinsic properties of ERW (e.g., negative oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), alkaline pH, H<sub>2</sub> gas), as well enigmatic characteristics (e.g., altered water structure, microclusters, free electrons, active hydrogen, mineral hydrides). The associated pseudoscientific marketing has contributed to the reluctance of mainstream science to accept ERW as having biological effects. Finally, through many in vitro and in vivo studies, each one of these propositions was examined and refuted one-by-one until it was conclusively demonstrated that H<sub>2</sub> was the exclusive agent responsible for both the negative ORP and the observed therapeutic effects of ERW. This article briefly apprised the history of ERW and comprehensively reviewed the sequential research demonstrating the importance of H<sub>2</sub>. We illustrated that the effects of ERW could be readily explained by the known biological effects of H<sub>2</sub> and by utilizing conventional chemistry without requiring any metaphysical conjecture (e.g., microclustering, free electrons, etc.) or reliance on implausible notions (e.g., alkaline water neutralizes acidic waste). The H<sub>2</sub> concentration of ERW should be measured to ensure it is comparable to those used in clinical studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:46:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-47c61259e7d44aecae8b98e507bbfc0f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:46:20Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-47c61259e7d44aecae8b98e507bbfc0f2023-11-24T11:07:18ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-11-0123231475010.3390/ijms232314750Electrolyzed–Reduced Water: Review I. Molecular Hydrogen Is the Exclusive Agent Responsible for the Therapeutic EffectsTyler W. LeBaron0Randy Sharpe1Kinji Ohno2Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, SlovakiaH2 Analytics, Henderson, NV 89052, USADivision of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-855, JapanNumerous benefits have been attributed to alkaline-electrolyzed–reduced water (ERW). Sometimes these claims are associated with easily debunked concepts. The observed benefits have been conjectured to be due to the intrinsic properties of ERW (e.g., negative oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), alkaline pH, H<sub>2</sub> gas), as well enigmatic characteristics (e.g., altered water structure, microclusters, free electrons, active hydrogen, mineral hydrides). The associated pseudoscientific marketing has contributed to the reluctance of mainstream science to accept ERW as having biological effects. Finally, through many in vitro and in vivo studies, each one of these propositions was examined and refuted one-by-one until it was conclusively demonstrated that H<sub>2</sub> was the exclusive agent responsible for both the negative ORP and the observed therapeutic effects of ERW. This article briefly apprised the history of ERW and comprehensively reviewed the sequential research demonstrating the importance of H<sub>2</sub>. We illustrated that the effects of ERW could be readily explained by the known biological effects of H<sub>2</sub> and by utilizing conventional chemistry without requiring any metaphysical conjecture (e.g., microclustering, free electrons, etc.) or reliance on implausible notions (e.g., alkaline water neutralizes acidic waste). The H<sub>2</sub> concentration of ERW should be measured to ensure it is comparable to those used in clinical studies.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/14750electrolyzed–reduced waterionized wateralkaline wateralkaline-ionized waterhydrogen waterfunctional water |
| spellingShingle | Tyler W. LeBaron Randy Sharpe Kinji Ohno Electrolyzed–Reduced Water: Review I. Molecular Hydrogen Is the Exclusive Agent Responsible for the Therapeutic Effects International Journal of Molecular Sciences electrolyzed–reduced water ionized water alkaline water alkaline-ionized water hydrogen water functional water |
| title | Electrolyzed–Reduced Water: Review I. Molecular Hydrogen Is the Exclusive Agent Responsible for the Therapeutic Effects |
| title_full | Electrolyzed–Reduced Water: Review I. Molecular Hydrogen Is the Exclusive Agent Responsible for the Therapeutic Effects |
| title_fullStr | Electrolyzed–Reduced Water: Review I. Molecular Hydrogen Is the Exclusive Agent Responsible for the Therapeutic Effects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrolyzed–Reduced Water: Review I. Molecular Hydrogen Is the Exclusive Agent Responsible for the Therapeutic Effects |
| title_short | Electrolyzed–Reduced Water: Review I. Molecular Hydrogen Is the Exclusive Agent Responsible for the Therapeutic Effects |
| title_sort | electrolyzed reduced water review i molecular hydrogen is the exclusive agent responsible for the therapeutic effects |
| topic | electrolyzed–reduced water ionized water alkaline water alkaline-ionized water hydrogen water functional water |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/14750 |
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