Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, California
Mudstone samples from the Moreno (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene) and Kreyenhagen (Eocene) formations are analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine their mineralogy. Smectite (Reichweite R0) is the predominant phyllosilicate present, 48% to 71.7% bulk rock mineralo...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Minerals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/1/71 |
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| author | Andrew Hurst Michael J. Wilson Antonio Grippa Lyudmyla Wilson Giuseppe Palladino Claudia Belviso Francesco Cavalcante |
| author_facet | Andrew Hurst Michael J. Wilson Antonio Grippa Lyudmyla Wilson Giuseppe Palladino Claudia Belviso Francesco Cavalcante |
| author_sort | Andrew Hurst |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mudstone samples from the Moreno (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene) and Kreyenhagen (Eocene) formations are analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine their mineralogy. Smectite (Reichweite R0) is the predominant phyllosilicate present, 48% to 71.7% bulk rock mineralogy (excluding carbonate cemented and highly bio siliceous samples) and 70% to 98% of the <2 μm clay fraction. Opal CT and less so cristobalite concentrations cause the main deviations from smectite dominance. Opal A is common only in the Upper Kreyenhagen. In the <2 μm fraction, the Moreno Fm is significantly more smectite-rich than the Kreyenhagen Fm. Smectite in the Moreno Fm was derived from the alteration of volcaniclastic debris from contemporaneous rhyolitic-dacitic magmatic arc volcanism. No tuff is preserved. Smectite in the Kreyenhagen Fm was derived from intense sub-tropical weathering of granitoid-dioritic terrane during the hypothermal period in the early to mid-Eocene; the derivation from local volcanism is unlikely. All samples had chemical indices of alteration (CIA) indicative of intense weathering of source terrane. Ferriferous enrichment and the occurrence of locally common kaolinite are contributory evidence for the intensity of weathering. Low concentration (max. 7.5%) of clinoptilolite in the Lower Kreyenhagen is possibly indicative of more open marine conditions than in the Upper Kreyenhagen. There is no evidence of volumetrically significant silicate diagenesis. The main diagenetic mineralisation is restricted to low-temperature silica phase transitions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:58:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-48113a755d974902aafe7bf9329c617e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-163X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:58:00Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Minerals |
| spelling | doaj.art-48113a755d974902aafe7bf9329c617e2023-12-03T13:03:32ZengMDPI AGMinerals2075-163X2021-01-011117110.3390/min11010071Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, CaliforniaAndrew Hurst0Michael J. Wilson1Antonio Grippa2Lyudmyla Wilson3Giuseppe Palladino4Claudia Belviso5Francesco Cavalcante6School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, King’s Collage, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UKSchool of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, King’s Collage, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UKSchool of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, King’s Collage, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UKSchool of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, King’s Collage, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UKSchool of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, King’s Collage, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UKIstituto di Metodologie per l’Analisi Ambientale IMAA-CNR, 85050 Tito Scalo, ItalyIstituto di Metodologie per l’Analisi Ambientale IMAA-CNR, 85050 Tito Scalo, ItalyMudstone samples from the Moreno (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene) and Kreyenhagen (Eocene) formations are analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine their mineralogy. Smectite (Reichweite R0) is the predominant phyllosilicate present, 48% to 71.7% bulk rock mineralogy (excluding carbonate cemented and highly bio siliceous samples) and 70% to 98% of the <2 μm clay fraction. Opal CT and less so cristobalite concentrations cause the main deviations from smectite dominance. Opal A is common only in the Upper Kreyenhagen. In the <2 μm fraction, the Moreno Fm is significantly more smectite-rich than the Kreyenhagen Fm. Smectite in the Moreno Fm was derived from the alteration of volcaniclastic debris from contemporaneous rhyolitic-dacitic magmatic arc volcanism. No tuff is preserved. Smectite in the Kreyenhagen Fm was derived from intense sub-tropical weathering of granitoid-dioritic terrane during the hypothermal period in the early to mid-Eocene; the derivation from local volcanism is unlikely. All samples had chemical indices of alteration (CIA) indicative of intense weathering of source terrane. Ferriferous enrichment and the occurrence of locally common kaolinite are contributory evidence for the intensity of weathering. Low concentration (max. 7.5%) of clinoptilolite in the Lower Kreyenhagen is possibly indicative of more open marine conditions than in the Upper Kreyenhagen. There is no evidence of volumetrically significant silicate diagenesis. The main diagenetic mineralisation is restricted to low-temperature silica phase transitions.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/1/71clay mineralsmudstonesmectiteprovenanceforearc basin |
| spellingShingle | Andrew Hurst Michael J. Wilson Antonio Grippa Lyudmyla Wilson Giuseppe Palladino Claudia Belviso Francesco Cavalcante Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, California Minerals clay minerals mudstone smectite provenance forearc basin |
| title | Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, California |
| title_full | Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, California |
| title_fullStr | Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, California |
| title_full_unstemmed | Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, California |
| title_short | Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, California |
| title_sort | provenance and sedimentary context of clay mineralogy in an evolving forearc basin upper cretaceous paleogene and eocene mudstones san joaquin valley california |
| topic | clay minerals mudstone smectite provenance forearc basin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/1/71 |
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