Directly Anodized Sulfur-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes as Improved Anodes for Li-ion Batteries
TiO<sub>2</sub> represents one of the promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries due to its high thermal and chemical stability, relatively high theoretical specific capacity and low cost. However, the electrochemical performance, particularly for mesoporous TiO<sub>2</...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Batteries |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/6/4/51 |
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| author | Davood Sabaghi Mahmoud Madian Ahmad Omar Steffen Oswald Margitta Uhlemann Morteza Maghrebi Majid Baniadam Daria Mikhailova |
| author_facet | Davood Sabaghi Mahmoud Madian Ahmad Omar Steffen Oswald Margitta Uhlemann Morteza Maghrebi Majid Baniadam Daria Mikhailova |
| author_sort | Davood Sabaghi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | TiO<sub>2</sub> represents one of the promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries due to its high thermal and chemical stability, relatively high theoretical specific capacity and low cost. However, the electrochemical performance, particularly for mesoporous TiO<sub>2</sub>, is limited and must be further developed. Elemental doping is a viable route to enhance rate capability and discharge capacity of TiO<sub>2</sub> anodes in Li-ion batteries. Usually, elemental doping requires elevated temperatures, which represents a challenge, particularly for sulfur as a dopant. In this work, S-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes were successfully synthesized in situ during the electrochemical anodization of a titanium substrate at room temperature. The electrochemical anodization bath represented an ethylene glycol-based solution containing NH<sub>4</sub>F along with Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> as the sulfur source. The S-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> anodes demonstrated a higher areal discharge capacity of 95 µAh·cm<sup>−2</sup> at a current rate of 100 µA·cm<sup>−2</sup> after 100 cycles, as compared to the pure TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes (60 µAh·cm<sup>−2</sup>). S-TiO<sub>2</sub> also exhibited a significantly improved rate capability up to 2500 µA·cm<sup>−2</sup> as compared to undoped TiO<sub>2</sub>. The improved electrochemical performance, as compared to pure TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes, is attributed to a lower impedance in S-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes (STNTs). Thus, the direct S-doping during the anodization process is a promising and cost-effective route towards improved TiO<sub>2</sub> anodes for Li-ion batteries. |
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| id | doaj.art-48146442af5d491faf8732416f82bcac |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2313-0105 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:30:25Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Batteries |
| spelling | doaj.art-48146442af5d491faf8732416f82bcac2023-11-20T17:41:42ZengMDPI AGBatteries2313-01052020-10-01645110.3390/batteries6040051Directly Anodized Sulfur-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes as Improved Anodes for Li-ion BatteriesDavood Sabaghi0Mahmoud Madian1Ahmad Omar2Steffen Oswald3Margitta Uhlemann4Morteza Maghrebi5Majid Baniadam6Daria Mikhailova7Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) e. V., 01069 Dresden, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) e. V., 01069 Dresden, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) e. V., 01069 Dresden, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) e. V., 01069 Dresden, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) e. V., 01069 Dresden, GermanyDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, IranDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, IranLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) e. V., 01069 Dresden, GermanyTiO<sub>2</sub> represents one of the promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries due to its high thermal and chemical stability, relatively high theoretical specific capacity and low cost. However, the electrochemical performance, particularly for mesoporous TiO<sub>2</sub>, is limited and must be further developed. Elemental doping is a viable route to enhance rate capability and discharge capacity of TiO<sub>2</sub> anodes in Li-ion batteries. Usually, elemental doping requires elevated temperatures, which represents a challenge, particularly for sulfur as a dopant. In this work, S-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes were successfully synthesized in situ during the electrochemical anodization of a titanium substrate at room temperature. The electrochemical anodization bath represented an ethylene glycol-based solution containing NH<sub>4</sub>F along with Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> as the sulfur source. The S-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> anodes demonstrated a higher areal discharge capacity of 95 µAh·cm<sup>−2</sup> at a current rate of 100 µA·cm<sup>−2</sup> after 100 cycles, as compared to the pure TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes (60 µAh·cm<sup>−2</sup>). S-TiO<sub>2</sub> also exhibited a significantly improved rate capability up to 2500 µA·cm<sup>−2</sup> as compared to undoped TiO<sub>2</sub>. The improved electrochemical performance, as compared to pure TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes, is attributed to a lower impedance in S-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes (STNTs). Thus, the direct S-doping during the anodization process is a promising and cost-effective route towards improved TiO<sub>2</sub> anodes for Li-ion batteries.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/6/4/51doped TiO<sub>2</sub>-nanotubesin-situ sulfur dopingtitanium anodization |
| spellingShingle | Davood Sabaghi Mahmoud Madian Ahmad Omar Steffen Oswald Margitta Uhlemann Morteza Maghrebi Majid Baniadam Daria Mikhailova Directly Anodized Sulfur-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes as Improved Anodes for Li-ion Batteries Batteries doped TiO<sub>2</sub>-nanotubes in-situ sulfur doping titanium anodization |
| title | Directly Anodized Sulfur-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes as Improved Anodes for Li-ion Batteries |
| title_full | Directly Anodized Sulfur-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes as Improved Anodes for Li-ion Batteries |
| title_fullStr | Directly Anodized Sulfur-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes as Improved Anodes for Li-ion Batteries |
| title_full_unstemmed | Directly Anodized Sulfur-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes as Improved Anodes for Li-ion Batteries |
| title_short | Directly Anodized Sulfur-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes as Improved Anodes for Li-ion Batteries |
| title_sort | directly anodized sulfur doped tio sub 2 sub nanotubes as improved anodes for li ion batteries |
| topic | doped TiO<sub>2</sub>-nanotubes in-situ sulfur doping titanium anodization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/6/4/51 |
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