Transcriptome and Metabolome Comparison of Smooth and Rough Citrus limon L. Peels Grown on Same Trees and Harvested in Different Seasons
Background: Farmers harvest two batches fruits of Lemons (Citrus limon L. Burm. f.) i.e., spring flowering fruit and autumn flowering fruit in dry-hot valley in Yunnan, China. Regular lemons harvested in autumn have smooth skin. However, lemons harvested in spring have rough skin, which makes them l...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.749803/full |
| _version_ | 1819117477293981696 |
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| author | Hong-ming Liu Chun-rui Long Shao-hua Wang Xiao-meng Fu Xian-yan Zhou Jia-mei Mao Hong-xia Yang Yu-xia Du Jin-xue Li Jian-qiang Yue Fa-guang Hu |
| author_facet | Hong-ming Liu Chun-rui Long Shao-hua Wang Xiao-meng Fu Xian-yan Zhou Jia-mei Mao Hong-xia Yang Yu-xia Du Jin-xue Li Jian-qiang Yue Fa-guang Hu |
| author_sort | Hong-ming Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Farmers harvest two batches fruits of Lemons (Citrus limon L. Burm. f.) i.e., spring flowering fruit and autumn flowering fruit in dry-hot valley in Yunnan, China. Regular lemons harvested in autumn have smooth skin. However, lemons harvested in spring have rough skin, which makes them less attractive to customers. Furthermore, the rough skin causes a reduction in commodity value and economical losses to farmers. This is a preliminary study that investigates the key transcriptomic and metabolomic differences in peels of lemon fruits (variety Yuning no. 1) harvested 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after flowering from the same trees in different seasons.Results: We identified 5,792, 4,001, 3,148, and 5,287 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between smooth peel (C) and rough peel (D) 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after flowering, respectively. A total of 1,193 metabolites differentially accumulated (DAM) between D and C. The DEGs and DAMs were enriched in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and plant hormone signaling, terpenoid biosynthesis, flavonoid, and phenylalanine biosynthesis, and ribosome pathways. Predominantly, in the early stages, phytohormonal regulation and signaling were the main driving force for changes in peel surface. Changes in the expression of genes associated with asymmetric cell division were also an important observation. The biosynthesis of terpenoids was possibly reduced in rough peels, while the exclusive expression of cell wall synthesis-related genes could be a possible reason for the thick peel of the rough-skinned lemons. Additionally, cell division, cell number, hypocotyl growth, accumulation of fatty acids, lignans and coumarins- related gene expression, and metabolite accumulation changes were major observations.Conclusion: The rough peels fruit (autumn flowering fruit) and smooth peels fruit (spring flowering fruit) matured on the same trees are possibly due to the differential regulation of asymmetric cell division, cell number regulation, and randomization of hypocotyl growth related genes and the accumulation of terpenoids, flavonoids, fatty acids, lignans, and coumarins. The preliminary results of this study are important for increasing the understanding of peel roughness in lemon and other citrus species. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T05:33:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4850640ef1224f54b6ce8a460be4fa8c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T05:33:36Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-4850640ef1224f54b6ce8a460be4fa8c2022-12-21T18:37:24ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2021-10-011210.3389/fpls.2021.749803749803Transcriptome and Metabolome Comparison of Smooth and Rough Citrus limon L. Peels Grown on Same Trees and Harvested in Different SeasonsHong-ming LiuChun-rui LongShao-hua WangXiao-meng FuXian-yan ZhouJia-mei MaoHong-xia YangYu-xia DuJin-xue LiJian-qiang YueFa-guang HuBackground: Farmers harvest two batches fruits of Lemons (Citrus limon L. Burm. f.) i.e., spring flowering fruit and autumn flowering fruit in dry-hot valley in Yunnan, China. Regular lemons harvested in autumn have smooth skin. However, lemons harvested in spring have rough skin, which makes them less attractive to customers. Furthermore, the rough skin causes a reduction in commodity value and economical losses to farmers. This is a preliminary study that investigates the key transcriptomic and metabolomic differences in peels of lemon fruits (variety Yuning no. 1) harvested 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after flowering from the same trees in different seasons.Results: We identified 5,792, 4,001, 3,148, and 5,287 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between smooth peel (C) and rough peel (D) 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after flowering, respectively. A total of 1,193 metabolites differentially accumulated (DAM) between D and C. The DEGs and DAMs were enriched in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and plant hormone signaling, terpenoid biosynthesis, flavonoid, and phenylalanine biosynthesis, and ribosome pathways. Predominantly, in the early stages, phytohormonal regulation and signaling were the main driving force for changes in peel surface. Changes in the expression of genes associated with asymmetric cell division were also an important observation. The biosynthesis of terpenoids was possibly reduced in rough peels, while the exclusive expression of cell wall synthesis-related genes could be a possible reason for the thick peel of the rough-skinned lemons. Additionally, cell division, cell number, hypocotyl growth, accumulation of fatty acids, lignans and coumarins- related gene expression, and metabolite accumulation changes were major observations.Conclusion: The rough peels fruit (autumn flowering fruit) and smooth peels fruit (spring flowering fruit) matured on the same trees are possibly due to the differential regulation of asymmetric cell division, cell number regulation, and randomization of hypocotyl growth related genes and the accumulation of terpenoids, flavonoids, fatty acids, lignans, and coumarins. The preliminary results of this study are important for increasing the understanding of peel roughness in lemon and other citrus species.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.749803/fullautumn flowering fruittranscriptomemetabolomepeel rougheningphytohormone signalingcell division |
| spellingShingle | Hong-ming Liu Chun-rui Long Shao-hua Wang Xiao-meng Fu Xian-yan Zhou Jia-mei Mao Hong-xia Yang Yu-xia Du Jin-xue Li Jian-qiang Yue Fa-guang Hu Transcriptome and Metabolome Comparison of Smooth and Rough Citrus limon L. Peels Grown on Same Trees and Harvested in Different Seasons Frontiers in Plant Science autumn flowering fruit transcriptome metabolome peel roughening phytohormone signaling cell division |
| title | Transcriptome and Metabolome Comparison of Smooth and Rough Citrus limon L. Peels Grown on Same Trees and Harvested in Different Seasons |
| title_full | Transcriptome and Metabolome Comparison of Smooth and Rough Citrus limon L. Peels Grown on Same Trees and Harvested in Different Seasons |
| title_fullStr | Transcriptome and Metabolome Comparison of Smooth and Rough Citrus limon L. Peels Grown on Same Trees and Harvested in Different Seasons |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transcriptome and Metabolome Comparison of Smooth and Rough Citrus limon L. Peels Grown on Same Trees and Harvested in Different Seasons |
| title_short | Transcriptome and Metabolome Comparison of Smooth and Rough Citrus limon L. Peels Grown on Same Trees and Harvested in Different Seasons |
| title_sort | transcriptome and metabolome comparison of smooth and rough citrus limon l peels grown on same trees and harvested in different seasons |
| topic | autumn flowering fruit transcriptome metabolome peel roughening phytohormone signaling cell division |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.749803/full |
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