Recent Insights into the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations for Clinical Practice in Respiratory Medicine
In the field of respiratory clinical practice, the importance of measuring carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) concentrations cannot be overemphasized. Within the body, assessment of the arterial partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> (PaCO<sub>2</sub>) has been the gold...
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5636 |
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| author | Akira Umeda Masahiro Ishizaka Akane Ikeda Kazuya Miyagawa Atsumi Mochida Hiroshi Takeda Kotaro Takeda Isato Fukushi Yasumasa Okada David Gozal |
| author_facet | Akira Umeda Masahiro Ishizaka Akane Ikeda Kazuya Miyagawa Atsumi Mochida Hiroshi Takeda Kotaro Takeda Isato Fukushi Yasumasa Okada David Gozal |
| author_sort | Akira Umeda |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the field of respiratory clinical practice, the importance of measuring carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) concentrations cannot be overemphasized. Within the body, assessment of the arterial partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> (PaCO<sub>2</sub>) has been the gold standard for many decades. Non-invasive assessments are usually predicated on the measurement of CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in the air, usually using an infrared analyzer, and these data are clearly important regarding climate changes as well as regulations of air quality in buildings to ascertain adequate ventilation. Measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> production with oxygen consumption yield important indices such as the respiratory quotient and estimates of energy expenditure, which may be used for further investigation in the various fields of metabolism, obesity, sleep disorders, and lifestyle-related issues. Measures of PaCO<sub>2</sub> are nowadays performed using the Severinghaus electrode in arterial blood or in arterialized capillary blood, while the same electrode system has been modified to enable relatively accurate non-invasive monitoring of the transcutaneous partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> (PtcCO<sub>2</sub>). PtcCO<sub>2</sub> monitoring during sleep can be helpful for evaluating sleep apnea syndrome, particularly in children. End-tidal PCO<sub>2</sub> is inferior to PtcCO<sub>2</sub> as far as accuracy, but it provides breath-by-breath estimates of respiratory gas exchange, while PtcCO<sub>2</sub> reflects temporal trends in alveolar ventilation. The frequency of monitoring end-tidal PCO<sub>2</sub> has markedly increased in light of its multiple applications (e.g., verify endotracheal intubation, anesthesia or mechanical ventilation, exercise testing, respiratory patterning during sleep, etc.). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:23:19Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:23:19Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-489280487b864667b853204e2daa43fa2023-11-22T09:43:13ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-08-012116563610.3390/s21165636Recent Insights into the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations for Clinical Practice in Respiratory MedicineAkira Umeda0Masahiro Ishizaka1Akane Ikeda2Kazuya Miyagawa3Atsumi Mochida4Hiroshi Takeda5Kotaro Takeda6Isato Fukushi7Yasumasa Okada8David Gozal9Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, IUHW Shioya Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare (IUHW), Yaita 329-2145, JapanDepartment of Physical Therapy, School of Health Science, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara 324-8501, JapanDepartment of Rehabilitation, IUHW Shioya Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare (IUHW), Yaita 329-2145, JapanDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara 324-8501, JapanDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara 324-8501, JapanDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara 324-8501, JapanFaculty of Rehabilitation, School of Healthcare, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, JapanFaculty of Health Sciences, Uekusa Gakuen University, Chiba 264-0007, JapanLaboratory of Electrophysiology, Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama 208-0011, JapanDepartment of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, MU Women’s and Children’s Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USAIn the field of respiratory clinical practice, the importance of measuring carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) concentrations cannot be overemphasized. Within the body, assessment of the arterial partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> (PaCO<sub>2</sub>) has been the gold standard for many decades. Non-invasive assessments are usually predicated on the measurement of CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in the air, usually using an infrared analyzer, and these data are clearly important regarding climate changes as well as regulations of air quality in buildings to ascertain adequate ventilation. Measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> production with oxygen consumption yield important indices such as the respiratory quotient and estimates of energy expenditure, which may be used for further investigation in the various fields of metabolism, obesity, sleep disorders, and lifestyle-related issues. Measures of PaCO<sub>2</sub> are nowadays performed using the Severinghaus electrode in arterial blood or in arterialized capillary blood, while the same electrode system has been modified to enable relatively accurate non-invasive monitoring of the transcutaneous partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> (PtcCO<sub>2</sub>). PtcCO<sub>2</sub> monitoring during sleep can be helpful for evaluating sleep apnea syndrome, particularly in children. End-tidal PCO<sub>2</sub> is inferior to PtcCO<sub>2</sub> as far as accuracy, but it provides breath-by-breath estimates of respiratory gas exchange, while PtcCO<sub>2</sub> reflects temporal trends in alveolar ventilation. The frequency of monitoring end-tidal PCO<sub>2</sub> has markedly increased in light of its multiple applications (e.g., verify endotracheal intubation, anesthesia or mechanical ventilation, exercise testing, respiratory patterning during sleep, etc.).https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5636carbon dioxidetranscutaneous partial pressureend-tidal partial pressureBland–Altman analysisblood gas analysis |
| spellingShingle | Akira Umeda Masahiro Ishizaka Akane Ikeda Kazuya Miyagawa Atsumi Mochida Hiroshi Takeda Kotaro Takeda Isato Fukushi Yasumasa Okada David Gozal Recent Insights into the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations for Clinical Practice in Respiratory Medicine Sensors carbon dioxide transcutaneous partial pressure end-tidal partial pressure Bland–Altman analysis blood gas analysis |
| title | Recent Insights into the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations for Clinical Practice in Respiratory Medicine |
| title_full | Recent Insights into the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations for Clinical Practice in Respiratory Medicine |
| title_fullStr | Recent Insights into the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations for Clinical Practice in Respiratory Medicine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recent Insights into the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations for Clinical Practice in Respiratory Medicine |
| title_short | Recent Insights into the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations for Clinical Practice in Respiratory Medicine |
| title_sort | recent insights into the measurement of carbon dioxide concentrations for clinical practice in respiratory medicine |
| topic | carbon dioxide transcutaneous partial pressure end-tidal partial pressure Bland–Altman analysis blood gas analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5636 |
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