The Emerging Impact of Tumor Budding in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Main Issues and Clinical Relevance of a New Prognostic Marker
Tumor Budding (TB) represents a single cancer cell or a small cluster of less than five cancer cells on the infiltrative tumor front. Accumulating evidence suggests TB is an independent prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, its exact role is not yet elucidated, and a sta...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/15/3571 |
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| author | Lucrezia Togni Vito Carlo Alberto Caponio Nicoletta Zerman Giuseppe Troiano Khrystyna Zhurakivska Lorenzo Lo Muzio Andrea Balercia Marco Mascitti Andrea Santarelli |
| author_facet | Lucrezia Togni Vito Carlo Alberto Caponio Nicoletta Zerman Giuseppe Troiano Khrystyna Zhurakivska Lorenzo Lo Muzio Andrea Balercia Marco Mascitti Andrea Santarelli |
| author_sort | Lucrezia Togni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tumor Budding (TB) represents a single cancer cell or a small cluster of less than five cancer cells on the infiltrative tumor front. Accumulating evidence suggests TB is an independent prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, its exact role is not yet elucidated, and a standardized scoring system is still necessary. The study aims to extensively review the literature data regarding the prognostic role of TB in OSCC. The results of TB are an independent prognostic factor of poor survival outcomes in OSCC. To date, the manual detection of hematoxylin and eosin-staining or pancytokeratin-immunostaining sections are the most commonly used methods. Between the several cut-offs, the two-tier system with five buds/field cut-offs provides better risk stratification. The prognostic role of the BD model in predicting survival outcomes was extensively validated; however, the inclusion of DOI, which is already a staging parameter, encouraged other authors to propose other models, integrating TB count with other adverse risk factors, such as the tumor–stroma ratio and tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes. The prognostic relevance of TB in OSCC highlights its evaluation in daily pathological practice. Therefore, the TB detection method and the TB scoring system should be validated based on tumor stage and site. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:33:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-48985c0e9a0c49a2b8b3f9d4f846f39c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:33:06Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-48985c0e9a0c49a2b8b3f9d4f846f39c2023-12-03T12:30:28ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942022-07-011415357110.3390/cancers14153571The Emerging Impact of Tumor Budding in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Main Issues and Clinical Relevance of a New Prognostic MarkerLucrezia Togni0Vito Carlo Alberto Caponio1Nicoletta Zerman2Giuseppe Troiano3Khrystyna Zhurakivska4Lorenzo Lo Muzio5Andrea Balercia6Marco Mascitti7Andrea Santarelli8Department of Clinical Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Antonio Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Oral and Head-Neck Surgery, Umberto I General Hospital, Via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, ItalyTumor Budding (TB) represents a single cancer cell or a small cluster of less than five cancer cells on the infiltrative tumor front. Accumulating evidence suggests TB is an independent prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, its exact role is not yet elucidated, and a standardized scoring system is still necessary. The study aims to extensively review the literature data regarding the prognostic role of TB in OSCC. The results of TB are an independent prognostic factor of poor survival outcomes in OSCC. To date, the manual detection of hematoxylin and eosin-staining or pancytokeratin-immunostaining sections are the most commonly used methods. Between the several cut-offs, the two-tier system with five buds/field cut-offs provides better risk stratification. The prognostic role of the BD model in predicting survival outcomes was extensively validated; however, the inclusion of DOI, which is already a staging parameter, encouraged other authors to propose other models, integrating TB count with other adverse risk factors, such as the tumor–stroma ratio and tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes. The prognostic relevance of TB in OSCC highlights its evaluation in daily pathological practice. Therefore, the TB detection method and the TB scoring system should be validated based on tumor stage and site.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/15/3571tumor buddingoral squamous cell carcinomatongue neoplasmhead and neck cancersprognosislymph node metastasis |
| spellingShingle | Lucrezia Togni Vito Carlo Alberto Caponio Nicoletta Zerman Giuseppe Troiano Khrystyna Zhurakivska Lorenzo Lo Muzio Andrea Balercia Marco Mascitti Andrea Santarelli The Emerging Impact of Tumor Budding in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Main Issues and Clinical Relevance of a New Prognostic Marker Cancers tumor budding oral squamous cell carcinoma tongue neoplasm head and neck cancers prognosis lymph node metastasis |
| title | The Emerging Impact of Tumor Budding in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Main Issues and Clinical Relevance of a New Prognostic Marker |
| title_full | The Emerging Impact of Tumor Budding in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Main Issues and Clinical Relevance of a New Prognostic Marker |
| title_fullStr | The Emerging Impact of Tumor Budding in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Main Issues and Clinical Relevance of a New Prognostic Marker |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Emerging Impact of Tumor Budding in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Main Issues and Clinical Relevance of a New Prognostic Marker |
| title_short | The Emerging Impact of Tumor Budding in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Main Issues and Clinical Relevance of a New Prognostic Marker |
| title_sort | emerging impact of tumor budding in oral squamous cell carcinoma main issues and clinical relevance of a new prognostic marker |
| topic | tumor budding oral squamous cell carcinoma tongue neoplasm head and neck cancers prognosis lymph node metastasis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/15/3571 |
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