Using the POD sampler for quantitative diffusive (passive) monitoring of volatile and very volatile organics in ambient air: Sampling rates and analytical performance
POD diffusive samplers loaded with Carbopack X and Carbograph 5TD were exposed to certified calibration mixtures containing a total of 110 different ozone precursor and air toxic compounds. Constant sampling rates were identified for 39 ozone precursors and 33 air toxics. As 9 of these compounds wer...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-09-01
|
| Series: | Environment International |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412023003926 |
| _version_ | 1797683194520141824 |
|---|---|
| author | P. Pérez Ballesta A. Baù R.A. Field E. Woolfenden |
| author_facet | P. Pérez Ballesta A. Baù R.A. Field E. Woolfenden |
| author_sort | P. Pérez Ballesta |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | POD diffusive samplers loaded with Carbopack X and Carbograph 5TD were exposed to certified calibration mixtures containing a total of 110 different ozone precursor and air toxic compounds. Constant sampling rates were identified for 39 ozone precursors and 33 air toxics. As 9 of these compounds were included in both mixtures, this meant a total of 63 different volatile and very volatile compounds were sampled using the POD with overall expanded uncertainties below 30 % for the sampling rate associated with the whole range of sampling times from 2 to 24 h.Carbograph 5TD exhibited superior performance for diffusive sampling of oxygenated and halogenated compounds in the air toxics mixture, while Carbopack X showed higher sampling efficiencies for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as halogenated compounds derived from benzene and C2 carbon number hydrocarbons.A model has been developed and applied to estimate sampling rates, primarily for the more volatile and weakly adsorbed compounds, as a function of the collected amount of analyte and the exposure time. For an additional 9 ozone precursors on Carbopack X, and 11 air toxics on Carbograph 5TD, the expanded uncertainties of modelled sampling rates were reduced to below 30 % and have a significantly reduced uncertainty compared to those associated with an averaged sampling rate.The paper provides Freundlich’s isotherm parameters for the estimated (modelled) sampling rates and defines a pragmatic approach to their application. It does so by identifying the best sampling time to use for the expected exposure concentrations and associated analyte masses. This allows for expansion of the sampling concentration range from hundreds ng m−3 to mg m−3, while avoiding saturation of the adsorbent.Finally, field measurement comparisons of POD samplers, pumped tube samplers and online gas chromatography (GC), for sampling periods of 3 and 7 days in a semi-rural background area, showed no significant differences between reported concentrations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T00:11:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-489a7993b78e411ba975df9043791429 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0160-4120 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T00:11:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environment International |
| spelling | doaj.art-489a7993b78e411ba975df90437914292023-09-16T05:28:39ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202023-09-01179108119Using the POD sampler for quantitative diffusive (passive) monitoring of volatile and very volatile organics in ambient air: Sampling rates and analytical performanceP. Pérez Ballesta0A. Baù1R.A. Field2E. Woolfenden3European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Directorate C-Energy, Mobility and Climate. Clean Air and Climate Unit, I-21027, Ispra, VA, Italy; Corresponding author at: European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Directorate C-Energy, Mobility and Climate. Clean Air and Climate Unit, Via E. Fermi, 2749 - TP 124, I-21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Directorate C-Energy, Mobility and Climate. Clean Air and Climate Unit, I-21027, Ispra, VA, ItalyUnited Nations Environment Programme, 1 Rue Miollis, 75015 Paris, FranceMarkes International Ltd. 1000B Central Park, Western Avenue, Bridgend, CF31 3RT, UKPOD diffusive samplers loaded with Carbopack X and Carbograph 5TD were exposed to certified calibration mixtures containing a total of 110 different ozone precursor and air toxic compounds. Constant sampling rates were identified for 39 ozone precursors and 33 air toxics. As 9 of these compounds were included in both mixtures, this meant a total of 63 different volatile and very volatile compounds were sampled using the POD with overall expanded uncertainties below 30 % for the sampling rate associated with the whole range of sampling times from 2 to 24 h.Carbograph 5TD exhibited superior performance for diffusive sampling of oxygenated and halogenated compounds in the air toxics mixture, while Carbopack X showed higher sampling efficiencies for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as halogenated compounds derived from benzene and C2 carbon number hydrocarbons.A model has been developed and applied to estimate sampling rates, primarily for the more volatile and weakly adsorbed compounds, as a function of the collected amount of analyte and the exposure time. For an additional 9 ozone precursors on Carbopack X, and 11 air toxics on Carbograph 5TD, the expanded uncertainties of modelled sampling rates were reduced to below 30 % and have a significantly reduced uncertainty compared to those associated with an averaged sampling rate.The paper provides Freundlich’s isotherm parameters for the estimated (modelled) sampling rates and defines a pragmatic approach to their application. It does so by identifying the best sampling time to use for the expected exposure concentrations and associated analyte masses. This allows for expansion of the sampling concentration range from hundreds ng m−3 to mg m−3, while avoiding saturation of the adsorbent.Finally, field measurement comparisons of POD samplers, pumped tube samplers and online gas chromatography (GC), for sampling periods of 3 and 7 days in a semi-rural background area, showed no significant differences between reported concentrations.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412023003926Sampling ratesCarbopack XCarbograph 5TDOzone precursorsAir toxicsWeak adsorption |
| spellingShingle | P. Pérez Ballesta A. Baù R.A. Field E. Woolfenden Using the POD sampler for quantitative diffusive (passive) monitoring of volatile and very volatile organics in ambient air: Sampling rates and analytical performance Environment International Sampling rates Carbopack X Carbograph 5TD Ozone precursors Air toxics Weak adsorption |
| title | Using the POD sampler for quantitative diffusive (passive) monitoring of volatile and very volatile organics in ambient air: Sampling rates and analytical performance |
| title_full | Using the POD sampler for quantitative diffusive (passive) monitoring of volatile and very volatile organics in ambient air: Sampling rates and analytical performance |
| title_fullStr | Using the POD sampler for quantitative diffusive (passive) monitoring of volatile and very volatile organics in ambient air: Sampling rates and analytical performance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Using the POD sampler for quantitative diffusive (passive) monitoring of volatile and very volatile organics in ambient air: Sampling rates and analytical performance |
| title_short | Using the POD sampler for quantitative diffusive (passive) monitoring of volatile and very volatile organics in ambient air: Sampling rates and analytical performance |
| title_sort | using the pod sampler for quantitative diffusive passive monitoring of volatile and very volatile organics in ambient air sampling rates and analytical performance |
| topic | Sampling rates Carbopack X Carbograph 5TD Ozone precursors Air toxics Weak adsorption |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412023003926 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pperezballesta usingthepodsamplerforquantitativediffusivepassivemonitoringofvolatileandveryvolatileorganicsinambientairsamplingratesandanalyticalperformance AT abau usingthepodsamplerforquantitativediffusivepassivemonitoringofvolatileandveryvolatileorganicsinambientairsamplingratesandanalyticalperformance AT rafield usingthepodsamplerforquantitativediffusivepassivemonitoringofvolatileandveryvolatileorganicsinambientairsamplingratesandanalyticalperformance AT ewoolfenden usingthepodsamplerforquantitativediffusivepassivemonitoringofvolatileandveryvolatileorganicsinambientairsamplingratesandanalyticalperformance |