Rainfall Investigation by Means of Marine In Situ Gamma-ray Spectrometry in Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Italy
Marine in situ gamma-ray spectrometry was utilized for a rainfall study at the W1M3A observing system in Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Italy. From 7 June to 10 October 2016, underwater total gamma-ray counting rate (TCR) and the activity concentration of radon daughters <sup>214</sup>...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/8/903 |
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| author | Dionisis L. Patiris Sara Pensieri Christos Tsabaris Roberto Bozzano Effrossyni G. Androulakaki Marios N. Anagnostou Stylianos Alexakis |
| author_facet | Dionisis L. Patiris Sara Pensieri Christos Tsabaris Roberto Bozzano Effrossyni G. Androulakaki Marios N. Anagnostou Stylianos Alexakis |
| author_sort | Dionisis L. Patiris |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Marine in situ gamma-ray spectrometry was utilized for a rainfall study at the W1M3A observing system in Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Italy. From 7 June to 10 October 2016, underwater total gamma-ray counting rate (TCR) and the activity concentration of radon daughters <sup>214</sup>Pb, <sup>214</sup>Bi and potassium <sup>40</sup>K were continuously monitored along with ambient noise and meteorological parameters. TCR was proven as a good rainfall indicator as radon daughters’ fallout resulted in increased levels of marine radioactivity during and 2–3 h after the rainfall events. Cloud origin significantly affects TCR and radon progenies variations, as aerial mass trajectories, which extend upon terrestrial areas, result in higher increments. TCR and radon progenies concentrations revealed an increasing non-linear trend with rainfall height and intensity. <sup>40</sup>K was proven to be an additional radio-tracer as its dilution was associated with rainfall height. <sup>40</sup>K variations combined with <sup>214</sup>Bi measurements can be used to investigate the mixing of rain- and seawater. In comparison with measurements in the atmosphere, the application of marine in situ gamma-ray spectrometry for precipitation investigation provided important advantages: allows quantitative measurement of the radionuclides; <sup>40</sup>K can be used, along with radon daughters, as a radio-tracer; the mixing of rain- and seawater can be associated with meteorological parameters. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:40:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-48c95e5bbb5d4dd388bab865103d8880 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:40:52Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-48c95e5bbb5d4dd388bab865103d88802023-11-22T08:16:03ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122021-08-019890310.3390/jmse9080903Rainfall Investigation by Means of Marine In Situ Gamma-ray Spectrometry in Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, ItalyDionisis L. Patiris0Sara Pensieri1Christos Tsabaris2Roberto Bozzano3Effrossyni G. Androulakaki4Marios N. Anagnostou5Stylianos Alexakis6Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, 19013 Anavyssos, GreeceInstitute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council of Italy, 16149 Genova, ItalyHellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, 19013 Anavyssos, GreeceInstitute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council of Italy, 16149 Genova, ItalyHellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, 19013 Anavyssos, GreeceInstitute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Old Penteli, GreeceHellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, 19013 Anavyssos, GreeceMarine in situ gamma-ray spectrometry was utilized for a rainfall study at the W1M3A observing system in Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Italy. From 7 June to 10 October 2016, underwater total gamma-ray counting rate (TCR) and the activity concentration of radon daughters <sup>214</sup>Pb, <sup>214</sup>Bi and potassium <sup>40</sup>K were continuously monitored along with ambient noise and meteorological parameters. TCR was proven as a good rainfall indicator as radon daughters’ fallout resulted in increased levels of marine radioactivity during and 2–3 h after the rainfall events. Cloud origin significantly affects TCR and radon progenies variations, as aerial mass trajectories, which extend upon terrestrial areas, result in higher increments. TCR and radon progenies concentrations revealed an increasing non-linear trend with rainfall height and intensity. <sup>40</sup>K was proven to be an additional radio-tracer as its dilution was associated with rainfall height. <sup>40</sup>K variations combined with <sup>214</sup>Bi measurements can be used to investigate the mixing of rain- and seawater. In comparison with measurements in the atmosphere, the application of marine in situ gamma-ray spectrometry for precipitation investigation provided important advantages: allows quantitative measurement of the radionuclides; <sup>40</sup>K can be used, along with radon daughters, as a radio-tracer; the mixing of rain- and seawater can be associated with meteorological parameters.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/8/903marine radioactivityin situ gamma-ray spectrometryprecipitationradonpotassium <sup>40</sup>Kradio-tracers |
| spellingShingle | Dionisis L. Patiris Sara Pensieri Christos Tsabaris Roberto Bozzano Effrossyni G. Androulakaki Marios N. Anagnostou Stylianos Alexakis Rainfall Investigation by Means of Marine In Situ Gamma-ray Spectrometry in Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Italy Journal of Marine Science and Engineering marine radioactivity in situ gamma-ray spectrometry precipitation radon potassium <sup>40</sup>K radio-tracers |
| title | Rainfall Investigation by Means of Marine In Situ Gamma-ray Spectrometry in Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Italy |
| title_full | Rainfall Investigation by Means of Marine In Situ Gamma-ray Spectrometry in Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Italy |
| title_fullStr | Rainfall Investigation by Means of Marine In Situ Gamma-ray Spectrometry in Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Italy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rainfall Investigation by Means of Marine In Situ Gamma-ray Spectrometry in Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Italy |
| title_short | Rainfall Investigation by Means of Marine In Situ Gamma-ray Spectrometry in Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Italy |
| title_sort | rainfall investigation by means of marine in situ gamma ray spectrometry in ligurian sea mediterranean sea italy |
| topic | marine radioactivity in situ gamma-ray spectrometry precipitation radon potassium <sup>40</sup>K radio-tracers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/8/903 |
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