Developing an Olive Biorefinery in Slovenia: Analysis of Phenolic Compounds Found in Olive Mill Pomace and Wastewater
The valorization of olive pomace through the extraction of phenolic compounds at an industrial scale is influenced by several factors that can have a significant impact on the feasibility of this approach. These include the types and levels of phenolic compounds that are present, the impact that sea...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/1/7 |
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| author | Ana Miklavčič Višnjevec Paul Baker Adam Charlton Dave Preskett Kelly Peeters Črtomir Tavzes Katja Kramberger Matthew Schwarzkopf |
| author_facet | Ana Miklavčič Višnjevec Paul Baker Adam Charlton Dave Preskett Kelly Peeters Črtomir Tavzes Katja Kramberger Matthew Schwarzkopf |
| author_sort | Ana Miklavčič Višnjevec |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The valorization of olive pomace through the extraction of phenolic compounds at an industrial scale is influenced by several factors that can have a significant impact on the feasibility of this approach. These include the types and levels of phenolic compounds that are present, the impact that seasonal variation and cultivar type have on the phenolic compound content in both olive pomace and mill effluents and the technological approach used to process the olive crop. Chemical analysis of phenolic compounds was performed using an HPLC-diode-array detector (DAD)-qTOF system, resulting in the identification of 45 compounds in olive mill wastewater and pomace, where secoiridoids comprised 50–60% of the total phenolic content. This study examined three different factors that could impact the phenolic compound content of these processing streams, including cultivar types typically grown on local farms in Slovenia, the type of downstream processing used and seasonality effects. Olive crop varieties sourced from local farms showed high variability, and the highest phenolic content was associated with the local variety “Istrska Belica”. During processing, the phenolic content was on average approximately 50% higher during two-phase decanting compared to three-phase decanting and the type of compound present significantly different. An investigation into the seasonal effects revealed that the phenolic content was 20% higher during the 2019 growing season compared to 2018. A larger sample size over additional growing seasons is required to fully understand the annual variation in phenolic compound content. The methods and results used in this study provide a basis for further analysis of phenolic compounds present in the European Union’s olive crop processing residues and will inform techno-economic modelling for the development of olive biorefineries in Slovenia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:52:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-48ce18e9d2c1481d95209e4a768da9a4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:52:11Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-48ce18e9d2c1481d95209e4a768da9a42023-11-21T02:02:44ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-12-01261710.3390/molecules26010007Developing an Olive Biorefinery in Slovenia: Analysis of Phenolic Compounds Found in Olive Mill Pomace and WastewaterAna Miklavčič Višnjevec0Paul Baker1Adam Charlton2Dave Preskett3Kelly Peeters4Črtomir Tavzes5Katja Kramberger6Matthew Schwarzkopf7Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, SloveniaThe Biocomposites Centre, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, UKThe Biocomposites Centre, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, UKThe Biocomposites Centre, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, UKInnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, SI-6310 Izola, SloveniaFaculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, SloveniaFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, SloveniaFaculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, SloveniaThe valorization of olive pomace through the extraction of phenolic compounds at an industrial scale is influenced by several factors that can have a significant impact on the feasibility of this approach. These include the types and levels of phenolic compounds that are present, the impact that seasonal variation and cultivar type have on the phenolic compound content in both olive pomace and mill effluents and the technological approach used to process the olive crop. Chemical analysis of phenolic compounds was performed using an HPLC-diode-array detector (DAD)-qTOF system, resulting in the identification of 45 compounds in olive mill wastewater and pomace, where secoiridoids comprised 50–60% of the total phenolic content. This study examined three different factors that could impact the phenolic compound content of these processing streams, including cultivar types typically grown on local farms in Slovenia, the type of downstream processing used and seasonality effects. Olive crop varieties sourced from local farms showed high variability, and the highest phenolic content was associated with the local variety “Istrska Belica”. During processing, the phenolic content was on average approximately 50% higher during two-phase decanting compared to three-phase decanting and the type of compound present significantly different. An investigation into the seasonal effects revealed that the phenolic content was 20% higher during the 2019 growing season compared to 2018. A larger sample size over additional growing seasons is required to fully understand the annual variation in phenolic compound content. The methods and results used in this study provide a basis for further analysis of phenolic compounds present in the European Union’s olive crop processing residues and will inform techno-economic modelling for the development of olive biorefineries in Slovenia.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/1/7<i>Olea oleuropea</i> L.olive mill effluentspomaceHPLC-DAD-qTOFphenolic compounds |
| spellingShingle | Ana Miklavčič Višnjevec Paul Baker Adam Charlton Dave Preskett Kelly Peeters Črtomir Tavzes Katja Kramberger Matthew Schwarzkopf Developing an Olive Biorefinery in Slovenia: Analysis of Phenolic Compounds Found in Olive Mill Pomace and Wastewater Molecules <i>Olea oleuropea</i> L. olive mill effluents pomace HPLC-DAD-qTOF phenolic compounds |
| title | Developing an Olive Biorefinery in Slovenia: Analysis of Phenolic Compounds Found in Olive Mill Pomace and Wastewater |
| title_full | Developing an Olive Biorefinery in Slovenia: Analysis of Phenolic Compounds Found in Olive Mill Pomace and Wastewater |
| title_fullStr | Developing an Olive Biorefinery in Slovenia: Analysis of Phenolic Compounds Found in Olive Mill Pomace and Wastewater |
| title_full_unstemmed | Developing an Olive Biorefinery in Slovenia: Analysis of Phenolic Compounds Found in Olive Mill Pomace and Wastewater |
| title_short | Developing an Olive Biorefinery in Slovenia: Analysis of Phenolic Compounds Found in Olive Mill Pomace and Wastewater |
| title_sort | developing an olive biorefinery in slovenia analysis of phenolic compounds found in olive mill pomace and wastewater |
| topic | <i>Olea oleuropea</i> L. olive mill effluents pomace HPLC-DAD-qTOF phenolic compounds |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/1/7 |
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