The Polymorphism in Various Milk Protein Genes in Polish Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genotype and allele frequencies of 24 polymorphisms in casein alpha S1 (CSN1S1), casein alpha S2 (CSN1S2), beta-casein (CSN2), kappa-casein (CSN3), and progestagen-associated endometrial protein (PAEP) genes. The study included 1900 Polish Black and W...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/389 |
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| author | Magdalena Kolenda Beata Sitkowska |
| author_facet | Magdalena Kolenda Beata Sitkowska |
| author_sort | Magdalena Kolenda |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genotype and allele frequencies of 24 polymorphisms in casein alpha S1 (CSN1S1), casein alpha S2 (CSN1S2), beta-casein (CSN2), kappa-casein (CSN3), and progestagen-associated endometrial protein (PAEP) genes. The study included 1900 Polish Black and White Holstein-Friesian dairy cows that were subjected to genotyping via microarrays. A total of 24 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) within tested genes were investigated. Two CSN1S1 SNPs were monomorphic, while allele CSN1S1_3*G in CSN1S1_3 SNP dominated with a frequency of 99.39%. Out of seven CSN2 SNPs, four were polymorphic; however, only for CSN2_3 all three genotypes were detected. Only three out of nine SNPs within CSN3 were monomorphic. Three PAEP SNPs were also found to be polymorphic with heterozygotes being most frequent. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was observed for eight variants. It was shown that only CSN3_6 was not in HWE. The fact that many of investigated SNPs were monomorphic may suggest that in the past the reproduction program favored one of these genotypes. SNPs that are included in commercially available microarrays should be monitored in relation to changes in their frequencies. If a SNP has turned monomorphic, maybe it should be considered for removal from the microarray. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:51:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-490ca7e9179040f084bfda7fcdad88c4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:51:12Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
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| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-490ca7e9179040f084bfda7fcdad88c42023-12-03T12:16:55ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152021-02-0111238910.3390/ani11020389The Polymorphism in Various Milk Protein Genes in Polish Holstein-Friesian Dairy CattleMagdalena Kolenda0Beata Sitkowska1Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, PolandThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the genotype and allele frequencies of 24 polymorphisms in casein alpha S1 (CSN1S1), casein alpha S2 (CSN1S2), beta-casein (CSN2), kappa-casein (CSN3), and progestagen-associated endometrial protein (PAEP) genes. The study included 1900 Polish Black and White Holstein-Friesian dairy cows that were subjected to genotyping via microarrays. A total of 24 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) within tested genes were investigated. Two CSN1S1 SNPs were monomorphic, while allele CSN1S1_3*G in CSN1S1_3 SNP dominated with a frequency of 99.39%. Out of seven CSN2 SNPs, four were polymorphic; however, only for CSN2_3 all three genotypes were detected. Only three out of nine SNPs within CSN3 were monomorphic. Three PAEP SNPs were also found to be polymorphic with heterozygotes being most frequent. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was observed for eight variants. It was shown that only CSN3_6 was not in HWE. The fact that many of investigated SNPs were monomorphic may suggest that in the past the reproduction program favored one of these genotypes. SNPs that are included in commercially available microarrays should be monitored in relation to changes in their frequencies. If a SNP has turned monomorphic, maybe it should be considered for removal from the microarray.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/389caseinPAEPβ-lactoglobulinfrequencymicroarrays |
| spellingShingle | Magdalena Kolenda Beata Sitkowska The Polymorphism in Various Milk Protein Genes in Polish Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle Animals casein PAEP β-lactoglobulin frequency microarrays |
| title | The Polymorphism in Various Milk Protein Genes in Polish Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle |
| title_full | The Polymorphism in Various Milk Protein Genes in Polish Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle |
| title_fullStr | The Polymorphism in Various Milk Protein Genes in Polish Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Polymorphism in Various Milk Protein Genes in Polish Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle |
| title_short | The Polymorphism in Various Milk Protein Genes in Polish Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle |
| title_sort | polymorphism in various milk protein genes in polish holstein friesian dairy cattle |
| topic | casein PAEP β-lactoglobulin frequency microarrays |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/389 |
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