Genes, proteins and other networks regulating somatic embryogenesis in plants
Abstract Background Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an intricate molecular and biochemical process principally based on cellular totipotency and a model in studying plant development. In this unique embryo-forming process, the vegetative cells acquire embryogenic competence under cellular stress condi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43141-020-00047-5 |
| _version_ | 1797204313389400064 |
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| author | Basit Gulzar A. Mujib Moien Qadir Malik Rukaya Sayeed Jyoti Mamgain Bushra Ejaz |
| author_facet | Basit Gulzar A. Mujib Moien Qadir Malik Rukaya Sayeed Jyoti Mamgain Bushra Ejaz |
| author_sort | Basit Gulzar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an intricate molecular and biochemical process principally based on cellular totipotency and a model in studying plant development. In this unique embryo-forming process, the vegetative cells acquire embryogenic competence under cellular stress conditions. The stress caused by plant growth regulators (PGRs), nutrient, oxygenic, or other signaling elements makes cellular reprogramming and transforms vegetative cells into embryos through activation/deactivation of a myriad of genes and transcriptional networks. Hundreds of genes have been directly linked to zygotic and somatic embryogeneses; some of them like SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS LIKE RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK), LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC), BABYBOOM (BBM), and AGAMOUS-LIKE 15 (AGL15) are very important and are part of molecular network. Main text (observation) This article reviews various genes/orthologs isolated from different plants; encoded proteins and their possible role in regulating somatic embryogenesis of plants have been discussed. The role of SERK in regulating embryogenesis is also summarized. Different SE-related proteins identified through LC–MS at various stages of embryogenesis are also described; a few proteins like 14-3-3, chitinase, and LEA are used as potential SE markers. These networks are interconnected in a complicated manner, posing challenges for their complete elucidation. Conclusions The various gene networks and factors controlling somatic embryogenesis have been discussed and presented. The roles of stress, PGRs, and other signaling elements have been discussed. In the last two-to-three decades’ progress, the challenges ahead and its future applications in various fields of research have been highlighted. The review also presents the need of high throughput, innovative techniques, and sensitive instruments in unraveling the mystery of SE. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T08:33:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-495975bb62f94c7fafac0fb7711a307f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2090-5920 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T08:33:14Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology |
| spelling | doaj.art-495975bb62f94c7fafac0fb7711a307f2024-04-16T18:19:42ZengElsevierJournal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology2090-59202020-07-0118111510.1186/s43141-020-00047-5Genes, proteins and other networks regulating somatic embryogenesis in plantsBasit Gulzar0A. Mujib1Moien Qadir Malik2Rukaya Sayeed3Jyoti Mamgain4Bushra Ejaz5Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)Abstract Background Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an intricate molecular and biochemical process principally based on cellular totipotency and a model in studying plant development. In this unique embryo-forming process, the vegetative cells acquire embryogenic competence under cellular stress conditions. The stress caused by plant growth regulators (PGRs), nutrient, oxygenic, or other signaling elements makes cellular reprogramming and transforms vegetative cells into embryos through activation/deactivation of a myriad of genes and transcriptional networks. Hundreds of genes have been directly linked to zygotic and somatic embryogeneses; some of them like SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS LIKE RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK), LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC), BABYBOOM (BBM), and AGAMOUS-LIKE 15 (AGL15) are very important and are part of molecular network. Main text (observation) This article reviews various genes/orthologs isolated from different plants; encoded proteins and their possible role in regulating somatic embryogenesis of plants have been discussed. The role of SERK in regulating embryogenesis is also summarized. Different SE-related proteins identified through LC–MS at various stages of embryogenesis are also described; a few proteins like 14-3-3, chitinase, and LEA are used as potential SE markers. These networks are interconnected in a complicated manner, posing challenges for their complete elucidation. Conclusions The various gene networks and factors controlling somatic embryogenesis have been discussed and presented. The roles of stress, PGRs, and other signaling elements have been discussed. In the last two-to-three decades’ progress, the challenges ahead and its future applications in various fields of research have been highlighted. The review also presents the need of high throughput, innovative techniques, and sensitive instruments in unraveling the mystery of SE.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43141-020-00047-5Auxin and cytokinin signalingPlant growth regulatorsSERK geneStressSomatic embryo-specific proteinsTranscription factors |
| spellingShingle | Basit Gulzar A. Mujib Moien Qadir Malik Rukaya Sayeed Jyoti Mamgain Bushra Ejaz Genes, proteins and other networks regulating somatic embryogenesis in plants Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Auxin and cytokinin signaling Plant growth regulators SERK gene Stress Somatic embryo-specific proteins Transcription factors |
| title | Genes, proteins and other networks regulating somatic embryogenesis in plants |
| title_full | Genes, proteins and other networks regulating somatic embryogenesis in plants |
| title_fullStr | Genes, proteins and other networks regulating somatic embryogenesis in plants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genes, proteins and other networks regulating somatic embryogenesis in plants |
| title_short | Genes, proteins and other networks regulating somatic embryogenesis in plants |
| title_sort | genes proteins and other networks regulating somatic embryogenesis in plants |
| topic | Auxin and cytokinin signaling Plant growth regulators SERK gene Stress Somatic embryo-specific proteins Transcription factors |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43141-020-00047-5 |
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