Calcium-Based Binders in Concrete or Soil Stabilization: Challenges, Problems, and Calcined Clay as Partial Replacement to Produce Low-Carbon Cement
Calcium-based binders, such as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and lime (CaO), are the most common artificial cementitious materials used worldwide for concrete and soil improvement. However, using cement and lime has become one of the main concerns for engineers because they negatively affect the en...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Materials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/5/2020 |
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| author | Angham Ali Mohammed Haslinda Nahazanan Noor Azline Mohd Nasir Ghasan Fahim Huseien Ahmed Hassan Saad |
| author_facet | Angham Ali Mohammed Haslinda Nahazanan Noor Azline Mohd Nasir Ghasan Fahim Huseien Ahmed Hassan Saad |
| author_sort | Angham Ali Mohammed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Calcium-based binders, such as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and lime (CaO), are the most common artificial cementitious materials used worldwide for concrete and soil improvement. However, using cement and lime has become one of the main concerns for engineers because they negatively affect the environment and economy, prompting research into alternative materials. The energy consumption involved in producing cementitious materials is high, and the subsequent CO<sub>2</sub> emissions account for 8% of the total CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. In recent years, an investigation into cement concrete’s sustainable and low-carbon characteristics has become the industry’s focus, achieved by using supplementary cementitious materials. This paper aims to review the problems and challenges encountered when using cement and lime. Calcined clay (natural pozzolana) has been used as a possible supplement or partial substitute to produce low-carbon cement or lime from 2012–2022. These materials can improve the concrete mixture’s performance, durability, and sustainability. Calcined clay has been utilized widely in concrete mixtures because it produces a low-carbon cement-based material. Owing to the large amount of calcined clay used, the clinker content of cement can be lowered by as much as 50% compared with traditional OPC. It helps conserve the limestone resources used in cement manufacture and helps reduce the carbon footprint associated with the cement industry. Its application is gradually growing in places such as Latin America and South Asia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:18:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-497638c3db8e44d5b9839162600f0155 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:18:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-497638c3db8e44d5b9839162600f01552023-11-17T08:06:05ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-02-01165202010.3390/ma16052020Calcium-Based Binders in Concrete or Soil Stabilization: Challenges, Problems, and Calcined Clay as Partial Replacement to Produce Low-Carbon CementAngham Ali Mohammed0Haslinda Nahazanan1Noor Azline Mohd Nasir2Ghasan Fahim Huseien3Ahmed Hassan Saad4Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of the Build Environment, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, SingaporeDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaCalcium-based binders, such as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and lime (CaO), are the most common artificial cementitious materials used worldwide for concrete and soil improvement. However, using cement and lime has become one of the main concerns for engineers because they negatively affect the environment and economy, prompting research into alternative materials. The energy consumption involved in producing cementitious materials is high, and the subsequent CO<sub>2</sub> emissions account for 8% of the total CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. In recent years, an investigation into cement concrete’s sustainable and low-carbon characteristics has become the industry’s focus, achieved by using supplementary cementitious materials. This paper aims to review the problems and challenges encountered when using cement and lime. Calcined clay (natural pozzolana) has been used as a possible supplement or partial substitute to produce low-carbon cement or lime from 2012–2022. These materials can improve the concrete mixture’s performance, durability, and sustainability. Calcined clay has been utilized widely in concrete mixtures because it produces a low-carbon cement-based material. Owing to the large amount of calcined clay used, the clinker content of cement can be lowered by as much as 50% compared with traditional OPC. It helps conserve the limestone resources used in cement manufacture and helps reduce the carbon footprint associated with the cement industry. Its application is gradually growing in places such as Latin America and South Asia.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/5/2020calcium-based binderscementlimeproblems of cement and limesulfate attackCO<sub>2</sub> emission |
| spellingShingle | Angham Ali Mohammed Haslinda Nahazanan Noor Azline Mohd Nasir Ghasan Fahim Huseien Ahmed Hassan Saad Calcium-Based Binders in Concrete or Soil Stabilization: Challenges, Problems, and Calcined Clay as Partial Replacement to Produce Low-Carbon Cement Materials calcium-based binders cement lime problems of cement and lime sulfate attack CO<sub>2</sub> emission |
| title | Calcium-Based Binders in Concrete or Soil Stabilization: Challenges, Problems, and Calcined Clay as Partial Replacement to Produce Low-Carbon Cement |
| title_full | Calcium-Based Binders in Concrete or Soil Stabilization: Challenges, Problems, and Calcined Clay as Partial Replacement to Produce Low-Carbon Cement |
| title_fullStr | Calcium-Based Binders in Concrete or Soil Stabilization: Challenges, Problems, and Calcined Clay as Partial Replacement to Produce Low-Carbon Cement |
| title_full_unstemmed | Calcium-Based Binders in Concrete or Soil Stabilization: Challenges, Problems, and Calcined Clay as Partial Replacement to Produce Low-Carbon Cement |
| title_short | Calcium-Based Binders in Concrete or Soil Stabilization: Challenges, Problems, and Calcined Clay as Partial Replacement to Produce Low-Carbon Cement |
| title_sort | calcium based binders in concrete or soil stabilization challenges problems and calcined clay as partial replacement to produce low carbon cement |
| topic | calcium-based binders cement lime problems of cement and lime sulfate attack CO<sub>2</sub> emission |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/5/2020 |
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