Visual impairment and refractive error in school children in Bhutan: The findings from the Bhutan School Sight Survey (BSSS 2019)
Purpose To estimate the nationwide prevalence of visual impairment and associated refractive error in school children in Bhutan. Methods The sample of this prospective cross-sectional national survey comprised of randomly selected classes in levels IV-IX (age 10 to 15 years) from schools throughout...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2020-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7489552/?tool=EBI |
| _version_ | 1818147613933830144 |
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| author | Indra Prasad Sharma Nor Tshering Lepcha Tshering Lhamo Leon B. Ellwein Gopal Prasad Pokharel Taraprasad Das Yuddha Dhoj Sapkota Tandin Dorji Sonam Peldon Yu-Chi Liu |
| author_facet | Indra Prasad Sharma Nor Tshering Lepcha Tshering Lhamo Leon B. Ellwein Gopal Prasad Pokharel Taraprasad Das Yuddha Dhoj Sapkota Tandin Dorji Sonam Peldon Yu-Chi Liu |
| author_sort | Indra Prasad Sharma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Purpose To estimate the nationwide prevalence of visual impairment and associated refractive error in school children in Bhutan. Methods The sample of this prospective cross-sectional national survey comprised of randomly selected classes in levels IV-IX (age 10 to 15 years) from schools throughout Bhutan. The examination included measurement of visual acuity (VA), evaluation of ocular motility, refraction under cycloplegia, examination of the external eye, media and fundus. The principal cause of impairment was determined for eyes with uncorrected VA ≤6/12. The main outcome measures were distance VA and cycloplegic refractive error. Results With a sampling frame of 1967 class-based clusters from 190 schools, 160 classes in 103 schools were randomly selected; 4985 (98.5%) of 5060 enumerated children were examined. The prevalence of uncorrected, presenting, and best-corrected visual impairment (VA≤6/12) in the better eye was 14.5%, 12.8%, and 0.34%, respectively. Refractive error was the principal cause (94.2%) of impaired vision and 88% of children who could achieve VA ≥6/9 with best correction were without necessary spectacles. The prevalence of myopia (≤ -0.5 D) was 6.64% and was associated with female gender (P = 0.004), urban schooling (P = 0.002), and greater parental education (P<0.001). The prevalence of hyperopia (≥ +2.0 D) was 2.17% and was significantly associated with lower class-level (P = 0.033), and female gender (P = 0.025). The overall prevalence of astigmatism (≥ 0.75 D) was 9.75%. Conclusions Reduced vision because of uncorrected refractive error is a public health problem among school-age children in Bhutan. Effective school eye health strategies are needed to eliminate this easily treatable cause of visual impairment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T12:38:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4978a5b07ca240c2a1fa3e1188298c36 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T12:38:02Z |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-4978a5b07ca240c2a1fa3e1188298c362022-12-22T01:07:03ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032020-01-01159Visual impairment and refractive error in school children in Bhutan: The findings from the Bhutan School Sight Survey (BSSS 2019)Indra Prasad SharmaNor Tshering LepchaTshering LhamoLeon B. EllweinGopal Prasad PokharelTaraprasad DasYuddha Dhoj SapkotaTandin DorjiSonam PeldonYu-Chi LiuPurpose To estimate the nationwide prevalence of visual impairment and associated refractive error in school children in Bhutan. Methods The sample of this prospective cross-sectional national survey comprised of randomly selected classes in levels IV-IX (age 10 to 15 years) from schools throughout Bhutan. The examination included measurement of visual acuity (VA), evaluation of ocular motility, refraction under cycloplegia, examination of the external eye, media and fundus. The principal cause of impairment was determined for eyes with uncorrected VA ≤6/12. The main outcome measures were distance VA and cycloplegic refractive error. Results With a sampling frame of 1967 class-based clusters from 190 schools, 160 classes in 103 schools were randomly selected; 4985 (98.5%) of 5060 enumerated children were examined. The prevalence of uncorrected, presenting, and best-corrected visual impairment (VA≤6/12) in the better eye was 14.5%, 12.8%, and 0.34%, respectively. Refractive error was the principal cause (94.2%) of impaired vision and 88% of children who could achieve VA ≥6/9 with best correction were without necessary spectacles. The prevalence of myopia (≤ -0.5 D) was 6.64% and was associated with female gender (P = 0.004), urban schooling (P = 0.002), and greater parental education (P<0.001). The prevalence of hyperopia (≥ +2.0 D) was 2.17% and was significantly associated with lower class-level (P = 0.033), and female gender (P = 0.025). The overall prevalence of astigmatism (≥ 0.75 D) was 9.75%. Conclusions Reduced vision because of uncorrected refractive error is a public health problem among school-age children in Bhutan. Effective school eye health strategies are needed to eliminate this easily treatable cause of visual impairment.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7489552/?tool=EBI |
| spellingShingle | Indra Prasad Sharma Nor Tshering Lepcha Tshering Lhamo Leon B. Ellwein Gopal Prasad Pokharel Taraprasad Das Yuddha Dhoj Sapkota Tandin Dorji Sonam Peldon Yu-Chi Liu Visual impairment and refractive error in school children in Bhutan: The findings from the Bhutan School Sight Survey (BSSS 2019) PLoS ONE |
| title | Visual impairment and refractive error in school children in Bhutan: The findings from the Bhutan School Sight Survey (BSSS 2019) |
| title_full | Visual impairment and refractive error in school children in Bhutan: The findings from the Bhutan School Sight Survey (BSSS 2019) |
| title_fullStr | Visual impairment and refractive error in school children in Bhutan: The findings from the Bhutan School Sight Survey (BSSS 2019) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Visual impairment and refractive error in school children in Bhutan: The findings from the Bhutan School Sight Survey (BSSS 2019) |
| title_short | Visual impairment and refractive error in school children in Bhutan: The findings from the Bhutan School Sight Survey (BSSS 2019) |
| title_sort | visual impairment and refractive error in school children in bhutan the findings from the bhutan school sight survey bsss 2019 |
| url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7489552/?tool=EBI |
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