A 64k pixel CMOS-DEPFET module for the soft X-rays DSSC imager operating at MHz-frame rates
Abstract The 64k pixel DEPFET module is the key sensitive component of the DEPFET Sensor with Signal Compression (DSSC), a large area 2D hybrid detector for capturing and measuring soft X-rays at the European XFEL. The final 1-megapixel camera has to detect photons with energies between $$250\,\text...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38508-9 |
| _version_ | 1827895172438949888 |
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| author | Stefano Maffessanti Karsten Hansen Stefan Aschauer Andrea Castoldi Florian Erdinger Carlo Fiorini Peter Fischer Pradeep Kalavakuru Helmut Klär Massimo Manghisoni Christian Reckleben Lothar Strüder Matteo Porro |
| author_facet | Stefano Maffessanti Karsten Hansen Stefan Aschauer Andrea Castoldi Florian Erdinger Carlo Fiorini Peter Fischer Pradeep Kalavakuru Helmut Klär Massimo Manghisoni Christian Reckleben Lothar Strüder Matteo Porro |
| author_sort | Stefano Maffessanti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The 64k pixel DEPFET module is the key sensitive component of the DEPFET Sensor with Signal Compression (DSSC), a large area 2D hybrid detector for capturing and measuring soft X-rays at the European XFEL. The final 1-megapixel camera has to detect photons with energies between $$250\,\text{eV}$$ 250 eV and $$6\,\text{keV}$$ 6 keV , and must provide a peak frame rate of $$4.5\,\text{MHz}$$ 4.5 MHz to cope with the unique bunch structure of the European XFEL. This work summarizes the functionalities and properties of the first modules assembled with full-format CMOS-DEPFET arrays, featuring $$512\,\times \,128$$ 512 × 128 hexagonally-shaped pixels with a side length of 136 μm. The pixel sensors utilize the DEPFET technology to realize an extremely low input capacitance for excellent energy resolution and, at the same time, an intrinsic capability of signal compression without any gain switching. Each pixel of the readout ASIC includes a DEPFET-bias current cancellation circuitry, a trapezoidal-shaping filter, a 9-bit ADC and a 800-word long digital memory. The trimming, calibration and final characterization were performed in a laboratory test-bench at DESY. All detector features are assessed at $$18\,^{\circ }\text{C}$$ 18 ∘ C . An outstanding equivalent noise charge of $$9.8$$ 9.8 e−rms is achieved at 1.1-MHz frame rate and gain of 26.8 Analog-to-Digital Unit per keV ( $$\,\text {ADU}/\text{keV}$$ ADU / keV ). At $$4.5\,\text{MHz}$$ 4.5 MHz and $$3.1\,\,\text {ADU}/\text{keV}$$ 3.1 ADU / keV , a noise of $$25.5$$ 25.5 e−rms and a dynamic range of $$26\,\text{k}\text {e}^{-}$$ 26 ke - are obtained. The highest dynamic range of $$1.345\,\text{M}\text {e}^{-}$$ 1.345 Me - is reached at $$2.25\,\text{MHz}$$ 2.25 MHz and $$1.6\,\text {ADU}/\text{keV}$$ 1.6 ADU / keV . These values can fulfill the specification of the DSSC project. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T22:17:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-497f9217c4154a8db0b0764687895c73 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T22:17:44Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj.art-497f9217c4154a8db0b0764687895c732023-07-23T11:13:37ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222023-07-0113111210.1038/s41598-023-38508-9A 64k pixel CMOS-DEPFET module for the soft X-rays DSSC imager operating at MHz-frame ratesStefano Maffessanti0Karsten Hansen1Stefan Aschauer2Andrea Castoldi3Florian Erdinger4Carlo Fiorini5Peter Fischer6Pradeep Kalavakuru7Helmut Klär8Massimo Manghisoni9Christian Reckleben10Lothar Strüder11Matteo Porro12Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYPNSensor GmbHDipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di MilanoEXTOLL GmbHDipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di MilanoInstitute for Computer Engineering (ZITI), Heidelberg UniversityDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYEuropean XFELDipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze Applicate, Università di BergamoDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYPNSensor GmbHEuropean XFELAbstract The 64k pixel DEPFET module is the key sensitive component of the DEPFET Sensor with Signal Compression (DSSC), a large area 2D hybrid detector for capturing and measuring soft X-rays at the European XFEL. The final 1-megapixel camera has to detect photons with energies between $$250\,\text{eV}$$ 250 eV and $$6\,\text{keV}$$ 6 keV , and must provide a peak frame rate of $$4.5\,\text{MHz}$$ 4.5 MHz to cope with the unique bunch structure of the European XFEL. This work summarizes the functionalities and properties of the first modules assembled with full-format CMOS-DEPFET arrays, featuring $$512\,\times \,128$$ 512 × 128 hexagonally-shaped pixels with a side length of 136 μm. The pixel sensors utilize the DEPFET technology to realize an extremely low input capacitance for excellent energy resolution and, at the same time, an intrinsic capability of signal compression without any gain switching. Each pixel of the readout ASIC includes a DEPFET-bias current cancellation circuitry, a trapezoidal-shaping filter, a 9-bit ADC and a 800-word long digital memory. The trimming, calibration and final characterization were performed in a laboratory test-bench at DESY. All detector features are assessed at $$18\,^{\circ }\text{C}$$ 18 ∘ C . An outstanding equivalent noise charge of $$9.8$$ 9.8 e−rms is achieved at 1.1-MHz frame rate and gain of 26.8 Analog-to-Digital Unit per keV ( $$\,\text {ADU}/\text{keV}$$ ADU / keV ). At $$4.5\,\text{MHz}$$ 4.5 MHz and $$3.1\,\,\text {ADU}/\text{keV}$$ 3.1 ADU / keV , a noise of $$25.5$$ 25.5 e−rms and a dynamic range of $$26\,\text{k}\text {e}^{-}$$ 26 ke - are obtained. The highest dynamic range of $$1.345\,\text{M}\text {e}^{-}$$ 1.345 Me - is reached at $$2.25\,\text{MHz}$$ 2.25 MHz and $$1.6\,\text {ADU}/\text{keV}$$ 1.6 ADU / keV . These values can fulfill the specification of the DSSC project.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38508-9 |
| spellingShingle | Stefano Maffessanti Karsten Hansen Stefan Aschauer Andrea Castoldi Florian Erdinger Carlo Fiorini Peter Fischer Pradeep Kalavakuru Helmut Klär Massimo Manghisoni Christian Reckleben Lothar Strüder Matteo Porro A 64k pixel CMOS-DEPFET module for the soft X-rays DSSC imager operating at MHz-frame rates Scientific Reports |
| title | A 64k pixel CMOS-DEPFET module for the soft X-rays DSSC imager operating at MHz-frame rates |
| title_full | A 64k pixel CMOS-DEPFET module for the soft X-rays DSSC imager operating at MHz-frame rates |
| title_fullStr | A 64k pixel CMOS-DEPFET module for the soft X-rays DSSC imager operating at MHz-frame rates |
| title_full_unstemmed | A 64k pixel CMOS-DEPFET module for the soft X-rays DSSC imager operating at MHz-frame rates |
| title_short | A 64k pixel CMOS-DEPFET module for the soft X-rays DSSC imager operating at MHz-frame rates |
| title_sort | 64k pixel cmos depfet module for the soft x rays dssc imager operating at mhz frame rates |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38508-9 |
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