Spectral Data Analysis for Forgery Detection in Official Documents: A Network-Based Approach
Despite the huge advances in digital communications in the last decade, physical documents are still the most common media for information transfer, especially in the official context. However, the readily available document processing devices and techniques (printers, scanners, etc.) facilitate the...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Electronics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/23/4036 |
| _version_ | 1797463340343099392 |
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| author | Mohammed Abdulbasit Ali Al-Ameri Bunyamin Ciylan Basim Mahmood |
| author_facet | Mohammed Abdulbasit Ali Al-Ameri Bunyamin Ciylan Basim Mahmood |
| author_sort | Mohammed Abdulbasit Ali Al-Ameri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite the huge advances in digital communications in the last decade, physical documents are still the most common media for information transfer, especially in the official context. However, the readily available document processing devices and techniques (printers, scanners, etc.) facilitate the illegal manipulation or imitation of original documents by forgers. Therefore, verification of the authenticity and detection of forgery is of paramount importance to all agencies receiving printed documents. We suggest an unsupervised forgery detection framework that can distinguish whether a document is forged based on the spectroscopy of the document’s ink. The spectra of the tested documents inks (original and questioned) were obtained using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technology. Then, a correlation matrix of the spectra was calculated for both the original and questioned documents together, which were then transformed into an adjacency matrix aiming at converting it into a weighted network under the concept of graph theory. Clustering algorithms were then applied to the network to determine the number of clusters. The proposed approach was tested under a variety of scenarios and different types of printers (e.g., inkjet, laser, and photocopiers) as well as different kinds of papers. The findings show that the proposed approach provided a high rate of accuracy in identifying forged documents and a high detection speed. It also provides a visual output that is easily interpretable to the non-expert, which provides great flexibility for real-world application. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:49:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-49832f0e7061420e91b7699a25fa6d7b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:49:15Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Electronics |
| spelling | doaj.art-49832f0e7061420e91b7699a25fa6d7b2023-11-24T10:49:37ZengMDPI AGElectronics2079-92922022-12-011123403610.3390/electronics11234036Spectral Data Analysis for Forgery Detection in Official Documents: A Network-Based ApproachMohammed Abdulbasit Ali Al-Ameri0Bunyamin Ciylan1Basim Mahmood2Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University, 06570 Ankara, TurkeyComputer Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, Gazi University, 06570 Ankara, TurkeyComputer Science Department, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, IraqDespite the huge advances in digital communications in the last decade, physical documents are still the most common media for information transfer, especially in the official context. However, the readily available document processing devices and techniques (printers, scanners, etc.) facilitate the illegal manipulation or imitation of original documents by forgers. Therefore, verification of the authenticity and detection of forgery is of paramount importance to all agencies receiving printed documents. We suggest an unsupervised forgery detection framework that can distinguish whether a document is forged based on the spectroscopy of the document’s ink. The spectra of the tested documents inks (original and questioned) were obtained using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technology. Then, a correlation matrix of the spectra was calculated for both the original and questioned documents together, which were then transformed into an adjacency matrix aiming at converting it into a weighted network under the concept of graph theory. Clustering algorithms were then applied to the network to determine the number of clusters. The proposed approach was tested under a variety of scenarios and different types of printers (e.g., inkjet, laser, and photocopiers) as well as different kinds of papers. The findings show that the proposed approach provided a high rate of accuracy in identifying forged documents and a high detection speed. It also provides a visual output that is easily interpretable to the non-expert, which provides great flexibility for real-world application.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/23/4036digital forensicsforgery detectionunsupervised clusteringLIBS |
| spellingShingle | Mohammed Abdulbasit Ali Al-Ameri Bunyamin Ciylan Basim Mahmood Spectral Data Analysis for Forgery Detection in Official Documents: A Network-Based Approach Electronics digital forensics forgery detection unsupervised clustering LIBS |
| title | Spectral Data Analysis for Forgery Detection in Official Documents: A Network-Based Approach |
| title_full | Spectral Data Analysis for Forgery Detection in Official Documents: A Network-Based Approach |
| title_fullStr | Spectral Data Analysis for Forgery Detection in Official Documents: A Network-Based Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spectral Data Analysis for Forgery Detection in Official Documents: A Network-Based Approach |
| title_short | Spectral Data Analysis for Forgery Detection in Official Documents: A Network-Based Approach |
| title_sort | spectral data analysis for forgery detection in official documents a network based approach |
| topic | digital forensics forgery detection unsupervised clustering LIBS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/23/4036 |
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