Identification, In Silico Characterization, and Differential Expression Profiles of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways Genes, and Analysis of Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in <i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> Hance
<i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> Hance is a non-woody forest plant widely used in China, Korea, and Japan because of its various therapeutic properties. However, the genetic details of the carotenoid pathway (CP), xanthophyll pathway (XP), and apocarotenoid pathway (AP) genes have not bee...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| author | Ramaraj Sathasivam Nam Su Kim Minsol Choi Haejin Kwon Bao Van Nguyen Jae Kwang Kim Dae Hui Jeong Eung Jun Park Hong Woo Park Sang Un Park |
| author_facet | Ramaraj Sathasivam Nam Su Kim Minsol Choi Haejin Kwon Bao Van Nguyen Jae Kwang Kim Dae Hui Jeong Eung Jun Park Hong Woo Park Sang Un Park |
| author_sort | Ramaraj Sathasivam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> Hance is a non-woody forest plant widely used in China, Korea, and Japan because of its various therapeutic properties. However, the genetic details of the carotenoid pathway (CP), xanthophyll pathway (XP), and apocarotenoid pathway (AP) genes have not been studied. Thus, the CP, XP, and AP genes of <i>H. moellendorffii</i> were detected and analyzed. A total of fifteen genes were identified, of which eight, four, and three belonged to CP, XP, and AP, respectively. All identified genes possessed full open reading frames. Phylogenetic characterization of the identified gene sequences showed the highest similarity with other higher plants. Multiple alignments and 3D dimensional structures showed several diverse conserved motifs, such as the carotene-binding motif, dinucleotide-binding motif, and aspartate or glutamate residues. The results of real-time PCR showed that the CP, XP, and AP genes were highly expressed in leaves, followed by the stems and roots. In total, eight different individual carotenoids were identified using HPLC analysis. The highest individual and total carotenoid content were achieved in the leaves, followed by the stems and roots. This study will provide more information on the gene structure of the CP, XP, and AP genes, which may help to increase the accumulation of carotenoids in <i>H. moellendorffii</i> through genetic engineering. These results could be helpful for further molecular and functional studies of CP, XP, and AP genes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:06:07Z |
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| id | doaj.art-49bc74abd0d54b46bf0be7a2cc4d9091 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:06:07Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-49bc74abd0d54b46bf0be7a2cc4d90912023-11-23T08:23:03ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-04-01239484510.3390/ijms23094845Identification, In Silico Characterization, and Differential Expression Profiles of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways Genes, and Analysis of Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in <i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> HanceRamaraj Sathasivam0Nam Su Kim1Minsol Choi2Haejin Kwon3Bao Van Nguyen4Jae Kwang Kim5Dae Hui Jeong6Eung Jun Park7Hong Woo Park8Sang Un Park9Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, KoreaKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si 28116, KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, KoreaDepartment of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, KoreaForest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju 36040, KoreaForest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju 36040, KoreaForest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju 36040, KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea<i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> Hance is a non-woody forest plant widely used in China, Korea, and Japan because of its various therapeutic properties. However, the genetic details of the carotenoid pathway (CP), xanthophyll pathway (XP), and apocarotenoid pathway (AP) genes have not been studied. Thus, the CP, XP, and AP genes of <i>H. moellendorffii</i> were detected and analyzed. A total of fifteen genes were identified, of which eight, four, and three belonged to CP, XP, and AP, respectively. All identified genes possessed full open reading frames. Phylogenetic characterization of the identified gene sequences showed the highest similarity with other higher plants. Multiple alignments and 3D dimensional structures showed several diverse conserved motifs, such as the carotene-binding motif, dinucleotide-binding motif, and aspartate or glutamate residues. The results of real-time PCR showed that the CP, XP, and AP genes were highly expressed in leaves, followed by the stems and roots. In total, eight different individual carotenoids were identified using HPLC analysis. The highest individual and total carotenoid content were achieved in the leaves, followed by the stems and roots. This study will provide more information on the gene structure of the CP, XP, and AP genes, which may help to increase the accumulation of carotenoids in <i>H. moellendorffii</i> through genetic engineering. These results could be helpful for further molecular and functional studies of CP, XP, and AP genes.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/9/4845<i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> Hancecarotenoid pathway genesxanthophyll pathway genesapocarotenoid pathway genesgene expressioncarotenoid |
| spellingShingle | Ramaraj Sathasivam Nam Su Kim Minsol Choi Haejin Kwon Bao Van Nguyen Jae Kwang Kim Dae Hui Jeong Eung Jun Park Hong Woo Park Sang Un Park Identification, In Silico Characterization, and Differential Expression Profiles of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways Genes, and Analysis of Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in <i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> Hance International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> Hance carotenoid pathway genes xanthophyll pathway genes apocarotenoid pathway genes gene expression carotenoid |
| title | Identification, In Silico Characterization, and Differential Expression Profiles of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways Genes, and Analysis of Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in <i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> Hance |
| title_full | Identification, In Silico Characterization, and Differential Expression Profiles of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways Genes, and Analysis of Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in <i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> Hance |
| title_fullStr | Identification, In Silico Characterization, and Differential Expression Profiles of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways Genes, and Analysis of Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in <i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> Hance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification, In Silico Characterization, and Differential Expression Profiles of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways Genes, and Analysis of Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in <i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> Hance |
| title_short | Identification, In Silico Characterization, and Differential Expression Profiles of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways Genes, and Analysis of Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in <i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> Hance |
| title_sort | identification in silico characterization and differential expression profiles of carotenoid xanthophyll apocarotenoid biosynthetic pathways genes and analysis of carotenoid and xanthophyll accumulation in i heracleum moellendorffii i hance |
| topic | <i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i> Hance carotenoid pathway genes xanthophyll pathway genes apocarotenoid pathway genes gene expression carotenoid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/9/4845 |
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