Determination and Removal of Selected Pharmaceuticals and Total Organic Carbon from Surface Water by Aluminum Chlorohydrate Coagulant
In the present research, the removal of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and erythromycin (ERY), fluoxetine (FLX), amoxicillin (AMO), colistin (COL), ethynylestradiol (EE), and diclofenac (DIC) from surface water by coagulation is studied. The concentration of selected pharmaceuticals in 24 surface water...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/17/5740 |
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| author | Joanna Kuc Maciej Thomas Iwona Grochowalska Rafał Kulczyk Gabriela Mikosz Fabian Mrózek Dagmara Janik Justyna Korta Karolina Cwynar |
| author_facet | Joanna Kuc Maciej Thomas Iwona Grochowalska Rafał Kulczyk Gabriela Mikosz Fabian Mrózek Dagmara Janik Justyna Korta Karolina Cwynar |
| author_sort | Joanna Kuc |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the present research, the removal of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and erythromycin (ERY), fluoxetine (FLX), amoxicillin (AMO), colistin (COL), ethynylestradiol (EE), and diclofenac (DIC) from surface water by coagulation is studied. The concentration of selected pharmaceuticals in 24 surface water samples originating from some rivers located in Lesser Poland Voivodeship and Silesia Voivodeship, Poland, was determined. The removal of TOC and pharmaceuticals was carried out using the application of Design of Experiments (DOE), Response Surface Methodology (RSM), and by addition of aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) as a coagulant. The study found that the concentration ranges of ERY, FLX, AMO, COL, EE, and DIC in analyzed water samples were 7.58–412.32, 1.21–72.52, 1.22–68.55, 1.28–32.01, 5.36–45.56, 2.20–182.22 ng/L, respectively. In some cases, concentrations lower than 1 ng/L were determined. In optimal conditions of coagulation process of spiked surface water (pH = 6.5 ± 0.1, ACH dose = 0.35 mL/L, Time = 30 min; R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8799, R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj</sub> = 0.7998), the concentration of TOC, ERY, FLX, AMO, COL, EE, and DIC was decreased by 88.7, 36.4, 24.7, 29.0, 25.5, 35.4, 30.4%, respectively. Simultaneously, turbidity, color, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (Total N), and Ammonium-Nitrogen (N-NH<sub>4</sub>) were decreased by 96.2%, >98.0%, 97.8%, 70.0%, 88.7%, 37.5%, respectively. These findings suggest that ACH may be an optional reagent to remove studied pharmaceuticals from contaminated water. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:27:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-49c28b3695b0436a8ac2c1e529e0f463 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:27:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-49c28b3695b0436a8ac2c1e529e0f4632023-11-23T13:47:18ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-09-012717574010.3390/molecules27175740Determination and Removal of Selected Pharmaceuticals and Total Organic Carbon from Surface Water by Aluminum Chlorohydrate CoagulantJoanna Kuc0Maciej Thomas1Iwona Grochowalska2Rafał Kulczyk3Gabriela Mikosz4Fabian Mrózek5Dagmara Janik6Justyna Korta7Karolina Cwynar8Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, PolandFaculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, PolandFaculty of Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Żeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, PolandStudent Scientific Association of Environment and Food Analytics, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, PolandStudent Scientific Association of Environment and Food Analytics, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, PolandStudent Scientific Association of Environment and Food Analytics, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, PolandStudent Scientific Association of Environment and Food Analytics, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, PolandStudent Scientific Association of Environment and Food Analytics, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, PolandStudent Scientific Association of Environment and Food Analytics, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, PolandIn the present research, the removal of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and erythromycin (ERY), fluoxetine (FLX), amoxicillin (AMO), colistin (COL), ethynylestradiol (EE), and diclofenac (DIC) from surface water by coagulation is studied. The concentration of selected pharmaceuticals in 24 surface water samples originating from some rivers located in Lesser Poland Voivodeship and Silesia Voivodeship, Poland, was determined. The removal of TOC and pharmaceuticals was carried out using the application of Design of Experiments (DOE), Response Surface Methodology (RSM), and by addition of aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) as a coagulant. The study found that the concentration ranges of ERY, FLX, AMO, COL, EE, and DIC in analyzed water samples were 7.58–412.32, 1.21–72.52, 1.22–68.55, 1.28–32.01, 5.36–45.56, 2.20–182.22 ng/L, respectively. In some cases, concentrations lower than 1 ng/L were determined. In optimal conditions of coagulation process of spiked surface water (pH = 6.5 ± 0.1, ACH dose = 0.35 mL/L, Time = 30 min; R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8799, R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj</sub> = 0.7998), the concentration of TOC, ERY, FLX, AMO, COL, EE, and DIC was decreased by 88.7, 36.4, 24.7, 29.0, 25.5, 35.4, 30.4%, respectively. Simultaneously, turbidity, color, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (Total N), and Ammonium-Nitrogen (N-NH<sub>4</sub>) were decreased by 96.2%, >98.0%, 97.8%, 70.0%, 88.7%, 37.5%, respectively. These findings suggest that ACH may be an optional reagent to remove studied pharmaceuticals from contaminated water.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/17/5740pharmaceuticalscoagulationresponse surface methodologyerythromycinfluoxetineamoxicillin |
| spellingShingle | Joanna Kuc Maciej Thomas Iwona Grochowalska Rafał Kulczyk Gabriela Mikosz Fabian Mrózek Dagmara Janik Justyna Korta Karolina Cwynar Determination and Removal of Selected Pharmaceuticals and Total Organic Carbon from Surface Water by Aluminum Chlorohydrate Coagulant Molecules pharmaceuticals coagulation response surface methodology erythromycin fluoxetine amoxicillin |
| title | Determination and Removal of Selected Pharmaceuticals and Total Organic Carbon from Surface Water by Aluminum Chlorohydrate Coagulant |
| title_full | Determination and Removal of Selected Pharmaceuticals and Total Organic Carbon from Surface Water by Aluminum Chlorohydrate Coagulant |
| title_fullStr | Determination and Removal of Selected Pharmaceuticals and Total Organic Carbon from Surface Water by Aluminum Chlorohydrate Coagulant |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination and Removal of Selected Pharmaceuticals and Total Organic Carbon from Surface Water by Aluminum Chlorohydrate Coagulant |
| title_short | Determination and Removal of Selected Pharmaceuticals and Total Organic Carbon from Surface Water by Aluminum Chlorohydrate Coagulant |
| title_sort | determination and removal of selected pharmaceuticals and total organic carbon from surface water by aluminum chlorohydrate coagulant |
| topic | pharmaceuticals coagulation response surface methodology erythromycin fluoxetine amoxicillin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/17/5740 |
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