Effects of carbohydrate supplements on exercise-induced menstrual dysfunction and ovarian subcellular structural changes in rats
Background: Exercise-associated menstrual dysfunction (EAMD) is a common health problem in female athletes as a part of female athlete triad (FAT), a condition related to low energy availability. In this study, we explored the possibility that carbohydrate supplements can improve the status of EAMD...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2014-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Sport and Health Science |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095254614000593 |
| _version_ | 1818112388130406400 |
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| author | Can Zhao Xiao-Li Liu Run-Xiao Hong He Li Rena Li Ren-Wei Wang |
| author_facet | Can Zhao Xiao-Li Liu Run-Xiao Hong He Li Rena Li Ren-Wei Wang |
| author_sort | Can Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Exercise-associated menstrual dysfunction (EAMD) is a common health problem in female athletes as a part of female athlete triad (FAT), a condition related to low energy availability. In this study, we explored the possibility that carbohydrate supplements can improve the status of EAMD and prevent exercise-induced ovarian injury in a FAT rat model. This research aimed to provide experimental evidence with regard to the relationship of energy intervention and EAMD.
Methods: Forty-five female Sprague–Dawley rats (2 months old) were randomly divided into five experimental groups: control group (C), 9-week exercise as model for EAMD (E), post-EAMD recovery group (R), oligosaccharide intervention group (O), and glucose intervention group (G). All rats were sacrificed at the end of 9 weeks. Serum samples were collected for measuring gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, 17β-estradiol and progesterone levels. The ovaries were taken for investigation of exercise- and carbohydrate-induced follicular subcellular structure changes.
Results: Exercise induced irregular menstrual cycles and ovary subcellular structural damages, such as swollenness of mitochondria in rats from groups E and R. Both glucose and oligosaccharide supplements restored well-differentiated mitochondria in the ovarian follicular cells, and a significant improvement of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in swollenness in theca cells in groups O and G compared to groups C, E, and R. There was no difference in mitochondria subcellular structural changes between groups O and G. Group E showed attenuation of serum levels of 17β-estradiol and progesterone compared to C. There were no differences of 17β-estradiol serum levels among groups O, G, and R, while group G showed a lower level of progesterone than C.
Conclusion: Female adult rats with 9-week continuous exercise can cause menstrual dysregulation as a model for EAMD. Post-EAMD intervention with glucose and oligosaccharide intake can normalize the menstrual cycle, restore the follicular subcellular structure, and reverse the exercise-induced reduction of ovary sex hormones. It suggests a positive feedback of hypothalamus–pituitary–ovary axis might be involved in the molecular mechanisms of energy intake in treating EAMD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T03:18:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-49d56506622c4a1d80007bcd18ac5661 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2095-2546 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T03:18:08Z |
| publishDate | 2014-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Sport and Health Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-49d56506622c4a1d80007bcd18ac56612022-12-22T01:22:42ZengElsevierJournal of Sport and Health Science2095-25462014-09-013318919510.1016/j.jshs.2014.04.006Effects of carbohydrate supplements on exercise-induced menstrual dysfunction and ovarian subcellular structural changes in ratsCan Zhao0Xiao-Li Liu1Run-Xiao Hong2He Li3Rena Li4Ren-Wei Wang5School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, ChinaDepartment of Sport, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, ChinaSchool of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, ChinaCollege of Physical Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 201418, ChinaSchool of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, ChinaSchool of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, ChinaBackground: Exercise-associated menstrual dysfunction (EAMD) is a common health problem in female athletes as a part of female athlete triad (FAT), a condition related to low energy availability. In this study, we explored the possibility that carbohydrate supplements can improve the status of EAMD and prevent exercise-induced ovarian injury in a FAT rat model. This research aimed to provide experimental evidence with regard to the relationship of energy intervention and EAMD. Methods: Forty-five female Sprague–Dawley rats (2 months old) were randomly divided into five experimental groups: control group (C), 9-week exercise as model for EAMD (E), post-EAMD recovery group (R), oligosaccharide intervention group (O), and glucose intervention group (G). All rats were sacrificed at the end of 9 weeks. Serum samples were collected for measuring gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, 17β-estradiol and progesterone levels. The ovaries were taken for investigation of exercise- and carbohydrate-induced follicular subcellular structure changes. Results: Exercise induced irregular menstrual cycles and ovary subcellular structural damages, such as swollenness of mitochondria in rats from groups E and R. Both glucose and oligosaccharide supplements restored well-differentiated mitochondria in the ovarian follicular cells, and a significant improvement of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in swollenness in theca cells in groups O and G compared to groups C, E, and R. There was no difference in mitochondria subcellular structural changes between groups O and G. Group E showed attenuation of serum levels of 17β-estradiol and progesterone compared to C. There were no differences of 17β-estradiol serum levels among groups O, G, and R, while group G showed a lower level of progesterone than C. Conclusion: Female adult rats with 9-week continuous exercise can cause menstrual dysregulation as a model for EAMD. Post-EAMD intervention with glucose and oligosaccharide intake can normalize the menstrual cycle, restore the follicular subcellular structure, and reverse the exercise-induced reduction of ovary sex hormones. It suggests a positive feedback of hypothalamus–pituitary–ovary axis might be involved in the molecular mechanisms of energy intake in treating EAMD.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095254614000593Carbohydrate supplementEstradiolEstrous cycle restrainFollicular subcellular injuryOvaryProgesteroneRats |
| spellingShingle | Can Zhao Xiao-Li Liu Run-Xiao Hong He Li Rena Li Ren-Wei Wang Effects of carbohydrate supplements on exercise-induced menstrual dysfunction and ovarian subcellular structural changes in rats Journal of Sport and Health Science Carbohydrate supplement Estradiol Estrous cycle restrain Follicular subcellular injury Ovary Progesterone Rats |
| title | Effects of carbohydrate supplements on exercise-induced menstrual dysfunction and ovarian subcellular structural changes in rats |
| title_full | Effects of carbohydrate supplements on exercise-induced menstrual dysfunction and ovarian subcellular structural changes in rats |
| title_fullStr | Effects of carbohydrate supplements on exercise-induced menstrual dysfunction and ovarian subcellular structural changes in rats |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of carbohydrate supplements on exercise-induced menstrual dysfunction and ovarian subcellular structural changes in rats |
| title_short | Effects of carbohydrate supplements on exercise-induced menstrual dysfunction and ovarian subcellular structural changes in rats |
| title_sort | effects of carbohydrate supplements on exercise induced menstrual dysfunction and ovarian subcellular structural changes in rats |
| topic | Carbohydrate supplement Estradiol Estrous cycle restrain Follicular subcellular injury Ovary Progesterone Rats |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095254614000593 |
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