| Summary: | We investigated nonlinear ultrasonic characterization, nonlinear three-wave interaction, of the pure copper during fatigue with EMAR (Electromagnetic Acoustic Resonance), which was the combination with ultrasonic resonance and non-contacting transducer, EMAT (Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer). In nonlinear three-wave interaction method, two intersecting ultrasonic waves produced a scattered wave when the resonance condition was satisfied. The amplitude in resonant scattering wave was measured. Nonlinear three-wave interaction method exhibited high sensitivity to micro-structural change of the damaged material. It rapidly increased from 50% of fatigue life to the fracture. TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) and EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction) observations supported this phenomenon caused by dislocation movement. The sensitivity in three-wave interaction method was higher than that in linear methods. The noncontact resonance-EMAT measurement can monitor the evolution of nonlinearity throughout the fatigue life and has a potential to assess the damage advance and to predict the fatigue life of metals.
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