Pyrolysis of Date Stones Using Natural Activated Kaolin as a Catalyst – Optimization of Variables and Identification of Bio-Oil
This research examines the catalytic performance of the catalyst developed from natural kaolin clay as a cheap catalyst for the thermal pyrolysis of date stones (DS). Firstly, the natural kaolin clay was acid-treated, followed by thermal activation at 600 °C for 2h to obtain the activated kaolin cat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE)
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Journal of Ecological Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.jeeng.net/Pyrolysis-of-Date-Stones-Using-Natural-Activated-Kaolin-as-a-Catalyst-Optimization,170276,0,2.html |
| _version_ | 1797739816402550784 |
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| author | Ahmed S. Ibrahim Abdelrahman B. Fadhil |
| author_facet | Ahmed S. Ibrahim Abdelrahman B. Fadhil |
| author_sort | Ahmed S. Ibrahim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This research examines the catalytic performance of the catalyst developed from natural kaolin clay as a cheap catalyst for the thermal pyrolysis of date stones (DS). Firstly, the natural kaolin clay was acid-treated, followed by thermal activation at 600 °C for 2h to obtain the activated kaolin catalyst (AKC). Several techniques, like BET surface area, pore volume distribution, XRD, FESEM, and EDX, were utilized to identify the AKC. The BET surface area of the AKC was 119.49 m2/g, while its mean pore diameter amounted to 7.13 nm, indicating its mesoporosity. The catalytic activity of the AKC was examined via the thermal pyrolysis of DS. Effect of pyrolysis temperature (400-500 °C), catalyst loading (2.5-10.0 wt.%), pyrolysis period (30-120 min), and particle size of DS (0.25,0.297,0.4,0.595, and 0.841 mm) on the pyrolysis products yield was investigated. The highest yield of pyrolytic liquid was produced at 425 °C for 1h using 2.5 wt.% of the AKC and 0.40 mm participle size of the feed. At these conditions, the pyrolytic liquid yield amounted to 60.64 %. The analysis of the bio-oil (BO) fraction stripped from the pyrolytic liquid was achieved by FTIR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and GC-MS analysis, which indicated that the BO fraction was mainly composed of hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons. Results from the GC-MS analysis exhibited that hydrocarbons (48.28 %), oxygenates (41.42 %), aromatics (10.44 %), and nitrogenates (2.13 %) were the main components of the BO. Alkenes and n-alkanes were the main constituents of the hydrocarbon part of the BO, while acids were the main component of oxygenates. Non-catalytic thermal cracking of DS at the optimal conditions exhibited a lower pyrolytic liquid yield than the catalytic process. Finally, the fuel properties of the BO produced via catalytic pyrolysis of DS were superior to those measured for that produced by the thermal pyrolysis process. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T14:03:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4a1840935c004d7685728891887d0649 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2299-8993 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T14:03:36Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Ecological Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-4a1840935c004d7685728891887d06492023-08-21T17:32:56ZengPolish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE)Journal of Ecological Engineering2299-89932023-10-01241022524110.12911/22998993/170276170276Pyrolysis of Date Stones Using Natural Activated Kaolin as a Catalyst – Optimization of Variables and Identification of Bio-OilAhmed S. Ibrahim0Abdelrahman B. Fadhil1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1594-4293Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mosul University, Majmoaa Street, 41002, Mosul, IraqDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Mosul University, Majmoaa Street, 41002, Mosul, IraqThis research examines the catalytic performance of the catalyst developed from natural kaolin clay as a cheap catalyst for the thermal pyrolysis of date stones (DS). Firstly, the natural kaolin clay was acid-treated, followed by thermal activation at 600 °C for 2h to obtain the activated kaolin catalyst (AKC). Several techniques, like BET surface area, pore volume distribution, XRD, FESEM, and EDX, were utilized to identify the AKC. The BET surface area of the AKC was 119.49 m2/g, while its mean pore diameter amounted to 7.13 nm, indicating its mesoporosity. The catalytic activity of the AKC was examined via the thermal pyrolysis of DS. Effect of pyrolysis temperature (400-500 °C), catalyst loading (2.5-10.0 wt.%), pyrolysis period (30-120 min), and particle size of DS (0.25,0.297,0.4,0.595, and 0.841 mm) on the pyrolysis products yield was investigated. The highest yield of pyrolytic liquid was produced at 425 °C for 1h using 2.5 wt.% of the AKC and 0.40 mm participle size of the feed. At these conditions, the pyrolytic liquid yield amounted to 60.64 %. The analysis of the bio-oil (BO) fraction stripped from the pyrolytic liquid was achieved by FTIR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and GC-MS analysis, which indicated that the BO fraction was mainly composed of hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons. Results from the GC-MS analysis exhibited that hydrocarbons (48.28 %), oxygenates (41.42 %), aromatics (10.44 %), and nitrogenates (2.13 %) were the main components of the BO. Alkenes and n-alkanes were the main constituents of the hydrocarbon part of the BO, while acids were the main component of oxygenates. Non-catalytic thermal cracking of DS at the optimal conditions exhibited a lower pyrolytic liquid yield than the catalytic process. Finally, the fuel properties of the BO produced via catalytic pyrolysis of DS were superior to those measured for that produced by the thermal pyrolysis process.http://www.jeeng.net/Pyrolysis-of-Date-Stones-Using-Natural-Activated-Kaolin-as-a-Catalyst-Optimization,170276,0,2.htmldate stonesactivated kaolin catalystcatalytic pyrolysisbio-oilidentification of bo |
| spellingShingle | Ahmed S. Ibrahim Abdelrahman B. Fadhil Pyrolysis of Date Stones Using Natural Activated Kaolin as a Catalyst – Optimization of Variables and Identification of Bio-Oil Journal of Ecological Engineering date stones activated kaolin catalyst catalytic pyrolysis bio-oil identification of bo |
| title | Pyrolysis of Date Stones Using Natural Activated Kaolin as a Catalyst – Optimization of Variables and Identification of Bio-Oil |
| title_full | Pyrolysis of Date Stones Using Natural Activated Kaolin as a Catalyst – Optimization of Variables and Identification of Bio-Oil |
| title_fullStr | Pyrolysis of Date Stones Using Natural Activated Kaolin as a Catalyst – Optimization of Variables and Identification of Bio-Oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pyrolysis of Date Stones Using Natural Activated Kaolin as a Catalyst – Optimization of Variables and Identification of Bio-Oil |
| title_short | Pyrolysis of Date Stones Using Natural Activated Kaolin as a Catalyst – Optimization of Variables and Identification of Bio-Oil |
| title_sort | pyrolysis of date stones using natural activated kaolin as a catalyst optimization of variables and identification of bio oil |
| topic | date stones activated kaolin catalyst catalytic pyrolysis bio-oil identification of bo |
| url | http://www.jeeng.net/Pyrolysis-of-Date-Stones-Using-Natural-Activated-Kaolin-as-a-Catalyst-Optimization,170276,0,2.html |
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