HIV Disease Progression Among Antiretroviral Therapy Patients in Zimbabwe: A Multistate Markov Model
Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) impact has prolonged survival of people living with HIV. We evaluated HIV disease progression among ART patients using routinely collected patient-level data between 2004 and 2017 in Zimbabwe.Methods: We partitioned HIV disease progression into four transient...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00326/full |
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| author | Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni Tobias F. Chirwa Jim Todd Eustasius Musenge |
| author_facet | Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni Tobias F. Chirwa Jim Todd Eustasius Musenge |
| author_sort | Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) impact has prolonged survival of people living with HIV. We evaluated HIV disease progression among ART patients using routinely collected patient-level data between 2004 and 2017 in Zimbabwe.Methods: We partitioned HIV disease progression into four transient CD4 cell counts states: state 1 (CD4 ≥ 500 cells/μl), state 2 (350 cells/μl ≤ CD4 < 500 cells/μl), state 3 (200 cells/μl ≤ CD4 < 350 cells/μl), state 4 (CD4 < 200 cells/μl), and the absorbing state death (state 5). We proposed a semiparametric time-homogenous multistate Markov model to estimate bidirectional transition rates. Covariate effects (age, gender, ART initiation period, and health facility level) on the transition rates were assessed.Results: We analyzed 204,289 clinic visits by 63,422 patients. There were 24,325 (38.4%) patients in state 4 (CD4 < 200) at ART initiation, and 7,995 (12.6%) deaths occurred by December 2017. The overall mortality rate was 3.9 per 100 person-years. The highest mortality rate of 5.7 per 100 person-years (4,541 deaths) was from state 4 (CD4 < 200) compared to other states. Mortality rates decreased with increase in time since ART initiation. Health facility type was the strongest predictor for immune recovery. Provincial or central hospital patients showed a diminishing dose–response effect on immune recovery by state from a hazard ratio (HR) of 8.30 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 6.64–10.36] (state 4 to 3) to HR of 3.12 (95% CI, 2.54–4.36) (state 2 to 1) compared to primary healthcare facilities. Immune system for male patients was more likely to deteriorate, and they had a 32% increased mortality risk (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.23–1.42) compared to female patients. Elderly patients (45+ years) were more likely to immune deteriorate compared to 25–34 years age group: HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.18–1.54; HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.34–1.81 and HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.32–1.79 for states 1 to 2, state 2 to 3, and states 3 to 4, respectively.Conclusion: Immune recovery was pronounced among provincial or central hospitals. Male patients with lower CD4 cell counts were at a higher risk of immune deterioration and mortality, while elderly patients were more likely to immune deteriorate. Early therapeutic interventions when the immune system is relatively stable across gender and age may contain mortality and increase survival outcomes. Interventions which strengthen ART services in primary healthcare facilities are essential. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T20:29:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4a22da3e18c749f8b23b024682004d11 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-2565 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T20:29:46Z |
| publishDate | 2019-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-4a22da3e18c749f8b23b024682004d112022-12-21T22:48:33ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652019-11-01710.3389/fpubh.2019.00326471384HIV Disease Progression Among Antiretroviral Therapy Patients in Zimbabwe: A Multistate Markov ModelZvifadzo Matsena Zingoni0Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni1Tobias F. Chirwa2Jim Todd3Eustasius Musenge4Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaMinistry of Health and Child Care, National Institute of Health Research, Harare, ZimbabweDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaDepartment of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United KingdomDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaBackground: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) impact has prolonged survival of people living with HIV. We evaluated HIV disease progression among ART patients using routinely collected patient-level data between 2004 and 2017 in Zimbabwe.Methods: We partitioned HIV disease progression into four transient CD4 cell counts states: state 1 (CD4 ≥ 500 cells/μl), state 2 (350 cells/μl ≤ CD4 < 500 cells/μl), state 3 (200 cells/μl ≤ CD4 < 350 cells/μl), state 4 (CD4 < 200 cells/μl), and the absorbing state death (state 5). We proposed a semiparametric time-homogenous multistate Markov model to estimate bidirectional transition rates. Covariate effects (age, gender, ART initiation period, and health facility level) on the transition rates were assessed.Results: We analyzed 204,289 clinic visits by 63,422 patients. There were 24,325 (38.4%) patients in state 4 (CD4 < 200) at ART initiation, and 7,995 (12.6%) deaths occurred by December 2017. The overall mortality rate was 3.9 per 100 person-years. The highest mortality rate of 5.7 per 100 person-years (4,541 deaths) was from state 4 (CD4 < 200) compared to other states. Mortality rates decreased with increase in time since ART initiation. Health facility type was the strongest predictor for immune recovery. Provincial or central hospital patients showed a diminishing dose–response effect on immune recovery by state from a hazard ratio (HR) of 8.30 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 6.64–10.36] (state 4 to 3) to HR of 3.12 (95% CI, 2.54–4.36) (state 2 to 1) compared to primary healthcare facilities. Immune system for male patients was more likely to deteriorate, and they had a 32% increased mortality risk (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.23–1.42) compared to female patients. Elderly patients (45+ years) were more likely to immune deteriorate compared to 25–34 years age group: HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.18–1.54; HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.34–1.81 and HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.32–1.79 for states 1 to 2, state 2 to 3, and states 3 to 4, respectively.Conclusion: Immune recovery was pronounced among provincial or central hospitals. Male patients with lower CD4 cell counts were at a higher risk of immune deterioration and mortality, while elderly patients were more likely to immune deteriorate. Early therapeutic interventions when the immune system is relatively stable across gender and age may contain mortality and increase survival outcomes. Interventions which strengthen ART services in primary healthcare facilities are essential.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00326/fullantiretroviral therapydisease progressionhuman immunodeficiency virusmortalitymultistate Markov modelsZimbabwe |
| spellingShingle | Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni Tobias F. Chirwa Jim Todd Eustasius Musenge HIV Disease Progression Among Antiretroviral Therapy Patients in Zimbabwe: A Multistate Markov Model Frontiers in Public Health antiretroviral therapy disease progression human immunodeficiency virus mortality multistate Markov models Zimbabwe |
| title | HIV Disease Progression Among Antiretroviral Therapy Patients in Zimbabwe: A Multistate Markov Model |
| title_full | HIV Disease Progression Among Antiretroviral Therapy Patients in Zimbabwe: A Multistate Markov Model |
| title_fullStr | HIV Disease Progression Among Antiretroviral Therapy Patients in Zimbabwe: A Multistate Markov Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | HIV Disease Progression Among Antiretroviral Therapy Patients in Zimbabwe: A Multistate Markov Model |
| title_short | HIV Disease Progression Among Antiretroviral Therapy Patients in Zimbabwe: A Multistate Markov Model |
| title_sort | hiv disease progression among antiretroviral therapy patients in zimbabwe a multistate markov model |
| topic | antiretroviral therapy disease progression human immunodeficiency virus mortality multistate Markov models Zimbabwe |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00326/full |
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