Pollinaria Reconfiguration Mechanism of Widespread Euro-Mediterranean Orchids: The Effects of Increasing Air Temperature
Orchids are fascinating for many reasons: their reproductive strategies, their pollination systems and the various morphological adaptations they have evolved, including the presence of pollen grains agglomerated into two masses, called pollinia, which form a structure known as a pollinarium. After...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/10/1327 |
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| author | Micaela Lanzino Anna Maria Palermo Giuseppe Pellegrino |
| author_facet | Micaela Lanzino Anna Maria Palermo Giuseppe Pellegrino |
| author_sort | Micaela Lanzino |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Orchids are fascinating for many reasons: their reproductive strategies, their pollination systems and the various morphological adaptations they have evolved, including the presence of pollen grains agglomerated into two masses, called pollinia, which form a structure known as a pollinarium. After withdrawal from a flower, the pollinarium undergoes a bending movement such that the pollen masses become correctly orientated to strike the stigma. We evaluated the duration of pollinator visits to inflorescences and the effects of temperature on pollinaria reconfiguration in eight orchid species in order to analyze the effects of increasing air temperature on the changes in bending time, and thus on geitonogamy levels. The impact of temperature on insect behavior was not assessed because our priority was to understand the effects of temperature on the process of pollinaria reconfiguration. All the examined species showed natural reconfiguration times that were 1.7–3.0 times longer than the pollinator residency times. A higher temperature showed a reduction in bending time regardless of the species tested. However, the bending time was never shorter than the residence time of the insects on the flower. Our data showed that high temperatures had a limited effect on the pollinarium reconfiguration time, thus indicating that high temperatures had a limited effect on folding compared to the effect that it had on the viability of the pollen. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:02:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4a41f94e08664326b88591b31044c5ea |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:02:36Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-4a41f94e08664326b88591b31044c5ea2023-11-23T12:42:21ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-05-011110132710.3390/plants11101327Pollinaria Reconfiguration Mechanism of Widespread Euro-Mediterranean Orchids: The Effects of Increasing Air TemperatureMicaela Lanzino0Anna Maria Palermo1Giuseppe Pellegrino2Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, ItalyDepartment of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, ItalyDepartment of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, ItalyOrchids are fascinating for many reasons: their reproductive strategies, their pollination systems and the various morphological adaptations they have evolved, including the presence of pollen grains agglomerated into two masses, called pollinia, which form a structure known as a pollinarium. After withdrawal from a flower, the pollinarium undergoes a bending movement such that the pollen masses become correctly orientated to strike the stigma. We evaluated the duration of pollinator visits to inflorescences and the effects of temperature on pollinaria reconfiguration in eight orchid species in order to analyze the effects of increasing air temperature on the changes in bending time, and thus on geitonogamy levels. The impact of temperature on insect behavior was not assessed because our priority was to understand the effects of temperature on the process of pollinaria reconfiguration. All the examined species showed natural reconfiguration times that were 1.7–3.0 times longer than the pollinator residency times. A higher temperature showed a reduction in bending time regardless of the species tested. However, the bending time was never shorter than the residence time of the insects on the flower. Our data showed that high temperatures had a limited effect on the pollinarium reconfiguration time, thus indicating that high temperatures had a limited effect on folding compared to the effect that it had on the viability of the pollen.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/10/1327orchidspollinariumpollinatorspollinaria bendingpollinaria reconfiguration |
| spellingShingle | Micaela Lanzino Anna Maria Palermo Giuseppe Pellegrino Pollinaria Reconfiguration Mechanism of Widespread Euro-Mediterranean Orchids: The Effects of Increasing Air Temperature Plants orchids pollinarium pollinators pollinaria bending pollinaria reconfiguration |
| title | Pollinaria Reconfiguration Mechanism of Widespread Euro-Mediterranean Orchids: The Effects of Increasing Air Temperature |
| title_full | Pollinaria Reconfiguration Mechanism of Widespread Euro-Mediterranean Orchids: The Effects of Increasing Air Temperature |
| title_fullStr | Pollinaria Reconfiguration Mechanism of Widespread Euro-Mediterranean Orchids: The Effects of Increasing Air Temperature |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pollinaria Reconfiguration Mechanism of Widespread Euro-Mediterranean Orchids: The Effects of Increasing Air Temperature |
| title_short | Pollinaria Reconfiguration Mechanism of Widespread Euro-Mediterranean Orchids: The Effects of Increasing Air Temperature |
| title_sort | pollinaria reconfiguration mechanism of widespread euro mediterranean orchids the effects of increasing air temperature |
| topic | orchids pollinarium pollinators pollinaria bending pollinaria reconfiguration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/10/1327 |
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