Temperature- and Frequency-Dependent Nonlinearities of an Integrated Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Mixed Gas-Oil Emulsion Flow
Hydro-pneumatic suspension (HPS) systems are increasingly being implemented in commercial vehicles and various industrial equipment, which is mainly attributed to the integration of adaptable nonlinear pneumatic stiffness and hydraulic damping properties. The integrated HPS design with a shared gas-...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3785 |
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| author | Yuming Yin Zhenting Wang Zhijun Fu Jianshan Lu Subhash Rakheja |
| author_facet | Yuming Yin Zhenting Wang Zhijun Fu Jianshan Lu Subhash Rakheja |
| author_sort | Yuming Yin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hydro-pneumatic suspension (HPS) systems are increasingly being implemented in commercial vehicles and various industrial equipment, which is mainly attributed to the integration of adaptable nonlinear pneumatic stiffness and hydraulic damping properties. The integrated HPS design with a shared gas-oil chamber, however, leads to gas-oil emulsion flow within the suspension chambers, which intricately affects the internal and external properties of the HPS, especially under variations in temperature and excitation frequency. This study experimentally and analytically investigated the temperature- and frequency-dependent properties of the hydro-pneumatic suspension with the gas-oil emulsion. Laboratory experiments were performed under three different near-constant temperatures (30, 40, and 50 °C) in the 0.5–8 Hz frequency range. An analytical model of the HPS was formulated considering the effects of temperature on internal fluid properties, gas-oil emulsion flow between the coupled chambers, the dynamic seal friction, and polytropic change in the gas state. The internal parameters, including the gas volume fraction, the discharge coefficient of the emulsion, and the dynamic friction components, as well as the external stiffness and damping characteristics, were determined. The relationships between these properties and the system temperature, velocity, and excitation frequency were further investigated. The simulated responses obtained under different excitations showed reasonably good agreement with the experimental results of the HPS. The results suggested that increased temperature yielded greater equivalent stiffness and comparable damping properties of the system. The gas volume fraction, discharge coefficient, and magnitude of seal friction generally tended to increase with increasing temperature. Increased excitation frequency led to greater hysteresis in hydraulic damping force and seal friction, and reduced seal friction magnitude and Stribeck effect. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:58:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4a51cfb5360a4b63a74228a9b6fb6ecf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:58:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-4a51cfb5360a4b63a74228a9b6fb6ecf2023-11-17T09:26:51ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-03-01136378510.3390/app13063785Temperature- and Frequency-Dependent Nonlinearities of an Integrated Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Mixed Gas-Oil Emulsion FlowYuming Yin0Zhenting Wang1Zhijun Fu2Jianshan Lu3Subhash Rakheja4School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, ChinaCollege of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, ChinaHydro-pneumatic suspension (HPS) systems are increasingly being implemented in commercial vehicles and various industrial equipment, which is mainly attributed to the integration of adaptable nonlinear pneumatic stiffness and hydraulic damping properties. The integrated HPS design with a shared gas-oil chamber, however, leads to gas-oil emulsion flow within the suspension chambers, which intricately affects the internal and external properties of the HPS, especially under variations in temperature and excitation frequency. This study experimentally and analytically investigated the temperature- and frequency-dependent properties of the hydro-pneumatic suspension with the gas-oil emulsion. Laboratory experiments were performed under three different near-constant temperatures (30, 40, and 50 °C) in the 0.5–8 Hz frequency range. An analytical model of the HPS was formulated considering the effects of temperature on internal fluid properties, gas-oil emulsion flow between the coupled chambers, the dynamic seal friction, and polytropic change in the gas state. The internal parameters, including the gas volume fraction, the discharge coefficient of the emulsion, and the dynamic friction components, as well as the external stiffness and damping characteristics, were determined. The relationships between these properties and the system temperature, velocity, and excitation frequency were further investigated. The simulated responses obtained under different excitations showed reasonably good agreement with the experimental results of the HPS. The results suggested that increased temperature yielded greater equivalent stiffness and comparable damping properties of the system. The gas volume fraction, discharge coefficient, and magnitude of seal friction generally tended to increase with increasing temperature. Increased excitation frequency led to greater hysteresis in hydraulic damping force and seal friction, and reduced seal friction magnitude and Stribeck effect.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3785hydro-pneumatic suspensiongas–oil emulsiontemperatureexcitation frequency |
| spellingShingle | Yuming Yin Zhenting Wang Zhijun Fu Jianshan Lu Subhash Rakheja Temperature- and Frequency-Dependent Nonlinearities of an Integrated Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Mixed Gas-Oil Emulsion Flow Applied Sciences hydro-pneumatic suspension gas–oil emulsion temperature excitation frequency |
| title | Temperature- and Frequency-Dependent Nonlinearities of an Integrated Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Mixed Gas-Oil Emulsion Flow |
| title_full | Temperature- and Frequency-Dependent Nonlinearities of an Integrated Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Mixed Gas-Oil Emulsion Flow |
| title_fullStr | Temperature- and Frequency-Dependent Nonlinearities of an Integrated Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Mixed Gas-Oil Emulsion Flow |
| title_full_unstemmed | Temperature- and Frequency-Dependent Nonlinearities of an Integrated Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Mixed Gas-Oil Emulsion Flow |
| title_short | Temperature- and Frequency-Dependent Nonlinearities of an Integrated Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Mixed Gas-Oil Emulsion Flow |
| title_sort | temperature and frequency dependent nonlinearities of an integrated hydro pneumatic suspension with mixed gas oil emulsion flow |
| topic | hydro-pneumatic suspension gas–oil emulsion temperature excitation frequency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3785 |
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