Field and experimental evidence of a new caiman trypanosome species closely phylogenetically related to fish trypanosomes and transmitted by leeches
Trypanosoma terena and Trypanosoma ralphi are known species of the South American crocodilians Caiman crocodilus, Caiman yacare and Melanosuchus niger and are phylogenetically related to the tsetse-transmitted Trypanosoma grayi of the African Crocodylus niloticus. These trypanosomes form the Crocodi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2015-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224415300195 |
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| author | Bruno R. Fermino Fernando Paiva Priscilla Soares Luiz Eduardo R. Tavares Laerte B. Viola Robson C. Ferreira Robinson Botero-Arias Cátia D. de-Paula Marta Campaner Carmen S.A. Takata Marta M.G. Teixeira Erney P. Camargo |
| author_facet | Bruno R. Fermino Fernando Paiva Priscilla Soares Luiz Eduardo R. Tavares Laerte B. Viola Robson C. Ferreira Robinson Botero-Arias Cátia D. de-Paula Marta Campaner Carmen S.A. Takata Marta M.G. Teixeira Erney P. Camargo |
| author_sort | Bruno R. Fermino |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Trypanosoma terena and Trypanosoma ralphi are known species of the South American crocodilians Caiman crocodilus, Caiman yacare and Melanosuchus niger and are phylogenetically related to the tsetse-transmitted Trypanosoma grayi of the African Crocodylus niloticus. These trypanosomes form the Crocodilian clade of the terrestrial clade of the genus Trypanosoma. A PCR-survey for trypanosomes in caiman blood samples and in leeches taken from caimans revealed unknown trypanosome diversity and frequent mixed infections. Phylogenies based on SSU (small subunit) of rRNA and gGAPDH (glycosomal Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase) gene sequences revealed a new trypanosome species clustering with T. terena and T. ralphi in the crocodilian clade and an additional new species nesting in the distant Aquatic clade of trypanosomes, which is herein named Trypanosoma clandestinus n. sp. This new species was found in Caiman yacare, Caiman crocodilus and M. niger from the Pantanal and Amazonian biomes in Brazil. Large numbers of dividing epimastigotes and unique thin and long trypomastigotes were found in the guts of leeches (Haementeria sp.) removed from the mouths of caimans. The trypanosomes recovered from the leeches had sequences identical to those of T. clandestinus of caiman blood samples. Experimental infestation of young caimans (Caiman yacare) with infected leeches resulted in long-lasting T. clandestinus infections that permitted us to delineate its life cycle. In contrast to T. terena, T. ralphi and T. grayi, which are detectable by hemoculturing, microscopy and standard PCR of caiman blood, T. clandestinus passes undetected by these methods due to very low parasitemia and could be detected solely by the more sensitive nested PCR method. T. clandestinus n. sp. is the first crocodilian trypanosome known to be transmitted by leeches and positioned in the aquatic clade closest to fish trypanosomes. Our data show that caimans can host trypanosomes of the aquatic or terrestrial clade, sometimes simultaneously. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T15:52:14Z |
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| id | doaj.art-4a650201ee7f413a8ac90659767c1aee |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2213-2244 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T15:52:14Z |
| publishDate | 2015-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife |
| spelling | doaj.art-4a650201ee7f413a8ac90659767c1aee2022-12-22T00:19:36ZengElsevierInternational Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife2213-22442015-12-014336837810.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.10.005Field and experimental evidence of a new caiman trypanosome species closely phylogenetically related to fish trypanosomes and transmitted by leechesBruno R. Fermino0Fernando Paiva1Priscilla Soares2Luiz Eduardo R. Tavares3Laerte B. Viola4Robson C. Ferreira5Robinson Botero-Arias6Cátia D. de-Paula7Marta Campaner8Carmen S.A. Takata9Marta M.G. Teixeira10Erney P. Camargo11Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilDepartamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilDepartamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilCaiman Research in Conservation and Management Program, Instituto Mamirauá para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Tefé, Amazonas, BrazilFaculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, BrazilDepartamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilDepartamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilDepartamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilDepartamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilTrypanosoma terena and Trypanosoma ralphi are known species of the South American crocodilians Caiman crocodilus, Caiman yacare and Melanosuchus niger and are phylogenetically related to the tsetse-transmitted Trypanosoma grayi of the African Crocodylus niloticus. These trypanosomes form the Crocodilian clade of the terrestrial clade of the genus Trypanosoma. A PCR-survey for trypanosomes in caiman blood samples and in leeches taken from caimans revealed unknown trypanosome diversity and frequent mixed infections. Phylogenies based on SSU (small subunit) of rRNA and gGAPDH (glycosomal Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase) gene sequences revealed a new trypanosome species clustering with T. terena and T. ralphi in the crocodilian clade and an additional new species nesting in the distant Aquatic clade of trypanosomes, which is herein named Trypanosoma clandestinus n. sp. This new species was found in Caiman yacare, Caiman crocodilus and M. niger from the Pantanal and Amazonian biomes in Brazil. Large numbers of dividing epimastigotes and unique thin and long trypomastigotes were found in the guts of leeches (Haementeria sp.) removed from the mouths of caimans. The trypanosomes recovered from the leeches had sequences identical to those of T. clandestinus of caiman blood samples. Experimental infestation of young caimans (Caiman yacare) with infected leeches resulted in long-lasting T. clandestinus infections that permitted us to delineate its life cycle. In contrast to T. terena, T. ralphi and T. grayi, which are detectable by hemoculturing, microscopy and standard PCR of caiman blood, T. clandestinus passes undetected by these methods due to very low parasitemia and could be detected solely by the more sensitive nested PCR method. T. clandestinus n. sp. is the first crocodilian trypanosome known to be transmitted by leeches and positioned in the aquatic clade closest to fish trypanosomes. Our data show that caimans can host trypanosomes of the aquatic or terrestrial clade, sometimes simultaneously.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224415300195CrocodilianTrypanosomaReptilian parasitesPhylogenyPhylogeographyLeechesCo-infectionSouth America |
| spellingShingle | Bruno R. Fermino Fernando Paiva Priscilla Soares Luiz Eduardo R. Tavares Laerte B. Viola Robson C. Ferreira Robinson Botero-Arias Cátia D. de-Paula Marta Campaner Carmen S.A. Takata Marta M.G. Teixeira Erney P. Camargo Field and experimental evidence of a new caiman trypanosome species closely phylogenetically related to fish trypanosomes and transmitted by leeches International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife Crocodilian Trypanosoma Reptilian parasites Phylogeny Phylogeography Leeches Co-infection South America |
| title | Field and experimental evidence of a new caiman trypanosome species closely phylogenetically related to fish trypanosomes and transmitted by leeches |
| title_full | Field and experimental evidence of a new caiman trypanosome species closely phylogenetically related to fish trypanosomes and transmitted by leeches |
| title_fullStr | Field and experimental evidence of a new caiman trypanosome species closely phylogenetically related to fish trypanosomes and transmitted by leeches |
| title_full_unstemmed | Field and experimental evidence of a new caiman trypanosome species closely phylogenetically related to fish trypanosomes and transmitted by leeches |
| title_short | Field and experimental evidence of a new caiman trypanosome species closely phylogenetically related to fish trypanosomes and transmitted by leeches |
| title_sort | field and experimental evidence of a new caiman trypanosome species closely phylogenetically related to fish trypanosomes and transmitted by leeches |
| topic | Crocodilian Trypanosoma Reptilian parasites Phylogeny Phylogeography Leeches Co-infection South America |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224415300195 |
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