Research Progress of Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvants and Their Action Mechanisms
Although hundreds of different adjuvants have been tried, aluminum-containing adjuvants are by far the most widely used currently. It is worth mentioning that although aluminum-containing adjuvants have been commonly applied in vaccine production, their acting mechanism remains not completely clear....
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/15/6/1756 |
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| author | Ting Zhang Peng He Dejia Guo Kaixi Chen Zhongyu Hu Yening Zou |
| author_facet | Ting Zhang Peng He Dejia Guo Kaixi Chen Zhongyu Hu Yening Zou |
| author_sort | Ting Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although hundreds of different adjuvants have been tried, aluminum-containing adjuvants are by far the most widely used currently. It is worth mentioning that although aluminum-containing adjuvants have been commonly applied in vaccine production, their acting mechanism remains not completely clear. Thus far, researchers have proposed the following mechanisms: (1) depot effect, (2) phagocytosis, (3) activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathway NLRP3, (4) host cell DNA release, and other mechanisms of action. Having an overview on recent studies to increase our comprehension on the mechanisms by which aluminum-containing adjuvants adsorb antigens and the effects of adsorption on antigen stability and immune response has become a mainstream research trend. Aluminum-containing adjuvants can enhance immune response through a variety of molecular pathways, but there are still significant challenges in designing effective immune-stimulating vaccine delivery systems with aluminum-containing adjuvants. At present, studies on the acting mechanism of aluminum-containing adjuvants mainly focus on aluminum hydroxide adjuvants. This review will take aluminum phosphate as a representative to discuss the immune stimulation mechanism of aluminum phosphate adjuvants and the differences between aluminum phosphate adjuvants and aluminum hydroxide adjuvants, as well as the research progress on the improvement of aluminum phosphate adjuvants (including the improvement of the adjuvant formula, nano-aluminum phosphate adjuvants and a first-grade composite adjuvant containing aluminum phosphate). Based on such related knowledge, determining optimal formulation to develop effective and safe aluminium-containing adjuvants for different vaccines will become more substantiated. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:01:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4a7f49cac99c44d4a1d38dd0add72dfe |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:01:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-4a7f49cac99c44d4a1d38dd0add72dfe2023-11-18T12:06:05ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232023-06-01156175610.3390/pharmaceutics15061756Research Progress of Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvants and Their Action MechanismsTing Zhang0Peng He1Dejia Guo2Kaixi Chen3Zhongyu Hu4Yening Zou5Sinovac Biotech Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 102601, ChinaDivision of Hepatitis Virus & Enterovirus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102619, ChinaSinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 102601, ChinaSinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 102601, ChinaDivision of Hepatitis Virus & Enterovirus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102619, ChinaSinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 102601, ChinaAlthough hundreds of different adjuvants have been tried, aluminum-containing adjuvants are by far the most widely used currently. It is worth mentioning that although aluminum-containing adjuvants have been commonly applied in vaccine production, their acting mechanism remains not completely clear. Thus far, researchers have proposed the following mechanisms: (1) depot effect, (2) phagocytosis, (3) activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathway NLRP3, (4) host cell DNA release, and other mechanisms of action. Having an overview on recent studies to increase our comprehension on the mechanisms by which aluminum-containing adjuvants adsorb antigens and the effects of adsorption on antigen stability and immune response has become a mainstream research trend. Aluminum-containing adjuvants can enhance immune response through a variety of molecular pathways, but there are still significant challenges in designing effective immune-stimulating vaccine delivery systems with aluminum-containing adjuvants. At present, studies on the acting mechanism of aluminum-containing adjuvants mainly focus on aluminum hydroxide adjuvants. This review will take aluminum phosphate as a representative to discuss the immune stimulation mechanism of aluminum phosphate adjuvants and the differences between aluminum phosphate adjuvants and aluminum hydroxide adjuvants, as well as the research progress on the improvement of aluminum phosphate adjuvants (including the improvement of the adjuvant formula, nano-aluminum phosphate adjuvants and a first-grade composite adjuvant containing aluminum phosphate). Based on such related knowledge, determining optimal formulation to develop effective and safe aluminium-containing adjuvants for different vaccines will become more substantiated.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/15/6/1756aluminum phosphate adjuvantsimmune stimulation mechanismaluminum phosphate improvementpreclinical and clinical |
| spellingShingle | Ting Zhang Peng He Dejia Guo Kaixi Chen Zhongyu Hu Yening Zou Research Progress of Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvants and Their Action Mechanisms Pharmaceutics aluminum phosphate adjuvants immune stimulation mechanism aluminum phosphate improvement preclinical and clinical |
| title | Research Progress of Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvants and Their Action Mechanisms |
| title_full | Research Progress of Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvants and Their Action Mechanisms |
| title_fullStr | Research Progress of Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvants and Their Action Mechanisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research Progress of Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvants and Their Action Mechanisms |
| title_short | Research Progress of Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvants and Their Action Mechanisms |
| title_sort | research progress of aluminum phosphate adjuvants and their action mechanisms |
| topic | aluminum phosphate adjuvants immune stimulation mechanism aluminum phosphate improvement preclinical and clinical |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/15/6/1756 |
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